Mōri Terumoto
Mōri Terumoto | |
|---|---|
毛利輝元 | |
 Mōri Terumoto | |
| Head of Mōri clan | |
| In office 1566–1623 | |
| Preceded by | Mōri Takamoto |
| Succeeded by | Mōri Hidenari |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Kōtsurumaru (幸鶴丸) January 22, 1553 Yoshida, Aki Province, Japan |
| Died | June 2, 1625 (aged 72) Yoshida, Aki Province, Japan |
| Spouse(s) | Seikōin Seitaiin Omatsu Osen Otsu Osana |
| Relations | Mōri Motonari (grandfather) Kikkawa Motoharu (uncle) Kobayakawa Takakage (uncle) Mōri Hidemoto (adopted son) Komahime (adopted daughter, Kobayakawa Hideaki's wife) |
| Children | Mōri Hidenari Takehima Mōri Naritaka |
| Parents |
|
| Military service | |
| Allegiance | .svg){kind=spacer} Mōri clan Toyotomi clan Western Army Tokugawa shogunate |
| Rank | Daimyō (Lord) |
| Unit | Mōri clan |
| Commands | Hiroshima Castle |
| Battles/wars | Battle of Fubeyama (1570) Ishiyama Hongan-ji War (1576-1580) Korean Campaign (1592-1593) Sekigahara Campaign (1600) |
Mōri Terumoto (毛利 輝元, January 22, 1553 – June 2, 1625) was a Japanese daimyō. The son of Mōri Takamoto, and grandson and successor of the great warlord Mōri Motonari, he fought against Oda Nobunaga but was eventually overcome. He participated in Toyotomi Hideyoshi's Korean Campaign (1592) and built Hiroshima Castle, thus essentially founding Hiroshima.
Early life and rise[edit]
Môri Terumoto was born 'Kotsumaru' in 1553.[1] However, in 1563, his father, Mori Takamoto, suddenly died, Kotsumaru was selected as his heir.[1]
In 1564 at what appears to have been an early manhood ceremony, Kotsumaru took the name Terumoto (Teru coming from the shogun, Ashikaga Yoshiteru) and assumed command.[1]
In 1566, the Môri's traditional rival, the Amago clan, had been destroyed, and Motonari had left instructions that the clan be content with what it had and forego expansionist adventure.[1] To a greater or lesser extent, Terumoto followed his late grandfather's instructions. Aside from skirmishes on Kyushu and gradual penetration further east. The first years of Terumoto's rule passed quietly.
Later in 1570, Mōri Terumoto along with Mori 'Two Rivers' defeated Amago Katsuhisa at Battle of Fubeyama or Battle of Nunobeyama, and forced Amago Katsuhisa fled to the island of Oki.
When Motonari died in 1571, Terumoto inherited an enormous kingdom that stretched from Buzen on Kyushu to the borders of Harima and Bizen, a powerful navy (at the time Japan's finest), and the support of two gifted uncles Kobayakawa Takakage and Kikkawa Motoharu.[1]
Conflict with Nobunaga[edit]
Mōri Motonari left a testament saying, "There is no need for further territorial expansion. We must not get entangled in central conflicts".[2] However, conflict with Oda Nobunaga, who sought to expand his dominion, began, within three years after Motonari's death.
In December 1573, Nobunaga acknowledged Uragami Munekage, a key figure in anti-Mōri forces, with control over Bizen, Mimasaka, and Harima. This decision provoked resistance from influential local figures such as Bessho and Kodera. When Munekage's vassal, Ukita Naoie took advantage of this situation and initiated a rebellion, the Mōri supported him.[3]
Furthermore, the Mōri clan intervened in the Ishiyama Hongan-ji War and gradually escalated their confrontation with Nobunaga.
Terumoto turned to the vaunted Môri navy. In 1576, First Battle of Kizugawaguchi Nobunaga's 'admiral', Kuki Yoshitaka, had cut the Honganji's sea-lanes and sat in blockade off the coast. Terumoto ordered his fleet, commanded by Murakami Takeyoshi, to make for the waters off Settsu and, once there, the navy inflicted an embarrassing defeat on Kuki and opened the Honganji's supply lines.
In 1577, Hideyoshi captured Kozuki Castle in Harima and gave it to Amago Katsuhisa, who, supported by the famed Yamanaka Shikanosuke, hoped to restore the defunct Amago clan to power in Izumo. Perhaps goaded by the mere name of the new defender of Kozuki as much as anything else. In 1578, Terumoto sent his uncles to laid Siege of Kōzuki Castle. This they did, and both Katsuhisa and Shikanosuke were killed.
Later in 1578, Second Battle of Kizugawaguchi, Kûki Yoshitaka defeat Takeyoshi and drove the Môri away. A further attempt by the Môri to break the blockade the following year was turned back, and in 1580 the Honganji surrendered.
After Hongan-ji surrender, this allowed Nobunaga to concentrate on the Môri and he sent two sizable contingents westward into the Chugoku region. Hashiba Hideyoshi was to march along the southern portion of the arm (the Sanyodo) while Akechi Mitsuhide moved into the upper provinces (the Sanindo).
By this time, Ukita Naoie had already defected to the Oda clan, and the Mōri clan found themselves in a difficult military situation.[4]
By 1582 a Môri defeat seemed inevitable. Hideyoshi had forced his way into Bitchu province and laid siege to Takamatsu Castle.[5] Shimizu Muneharu (a former Mimura retainer) defended Takamatsu stoutly, but its loss would all but open the way into Bingo and Aki, the Môri homeland. Hideyoshi knew that Takamatsu would be a tough nut to crack and that heavy losses would only benefit the Môri, so he resorted to a stratagem. Diverting the waters of a nearby river, he flooded the castle grounds, making Takamatsu a soggy island. By now Terumoto had brought up a relief force, but hesitated to attack Hideyoshi directly. Shimizu, for his part, responded to an offer by Hideyoshi that would spare the lives of his men, and committed suicide after ordering his men to surrender.
Service Under Hideyoshi[edit]
After the death of Nobunaga at Honnoji Incident in 1582, Probably most relieved at Hideyoshi's evident generosity, Terumoto agreed, to make peace and allowing Hideyoshi to speed home and defeat Akechi Mitsuhide before anyone else was the wiser for it. As frustrated as the Môri may have been by their discovery of the truth, they did not break the truce, and in time became Hideyoshi's closest supporters.
In 1583 he became a vassal of Toyotomi Hideyoshi.[1] Terumoto sent the 'Two Rivers' (Kobayakawa and Kikkawa) to lead troops for Hideyoshi in his Invasion of Shikoku (1585)[6] and Kyushu Campaign (1587). He sent ships to assist Hideyoshi in his reduction of the Hojo at Siege of Odawara (1590).
When Hideyoshi invaded Korea in 1592, Terumoto himself led the "7th Division" with 30,000 troops there, although much of his time seems to have been taken up fighting Korean partisans at Gyeongsang Province.
Sekigahara Campaign[edit]
Terumoto was a member of the council of Five Elders appointed by Hideyoshi.[1] At the height of his power in late 16th century, Terumoto controlled 1.2 million koku. This means he could mobilize more than 40,000 men to a battle. He sided on Ishida Mitsunari, one of Hideyoshi's Go-Bugyo, to fight against Tokugawa Ieyasu as the "General Commander", but was not present at the Battle of Sekigahara, the leadership on the battlefield was led by Ishida Mitsunari. Terumoto was at Osaka Castle defending Toyotomi Hideyori at the time and later surrendered to Ieyasu soon after Mitsunari defeat at Sekigahara. Ieyasu reduced Terumoto's domains, leaving him only Nagato and Suō Provinces, worth 369,000 koku in total.
Death[edit]
Finally, his behavior caused resentment among some of his vassals, which led him to retire.[1] He was succeeded by Mōri Hidenari. Terumoto died in June 2, 1625 (aged 72) at Yoshida, Aki Province.
He was known as a great patron of Hagi ware pottery.
Family[edit]
- Father: Mōri Takamoto (毛利隆元, 1523–1563)
- Mother: Ozaki no Tsubone (尾崎局, 1527–1572), daughter of Naitō Okimori (内藤興盛).
- Main Wife: Seikōin (清光院, 1558–1631), daughter of Shishido Takaie (宍戸隆家).
- Concubine: Seitaiin (清泰院, 1572–1604)
- First Son: Mōri Hidenari (毛利秀就, 1595–1651)
- First Daughter: Takehima (竹姫, 1600–1644), wife of Kikkawa Hiromasa (吉川広正).
- Second Son: Mōri Naritaka (毛利就隆, 1602–1679)
- Concubine: Omatsu (於松, ?–1641), fourth daughter of Hane Yamashiro-no-kami Motoyasu (羽根山城守元泰).
- Concubine: Osen (於千, 1550–1658), daughter of Inoue Kawachi-no-kami Narimasa (井上河内守就正).
- Concubine: Otsu (於鶴, ?–1677), daughter of Hanafusa Tarozaemon Yasuyuki (花房太郎左衛門尉某).
- Concubine: Osana (於さな, ?–1644), daughter of Kodama Kozaemon Noritomo (児玉小左衛門真友).
- Adopted Children:
- Daughter: Komahime (古満姫, ?–1651), second daughter of Shishido Motohide (宍戸元秀). Wife of Kobayakawa Hideaki (小早川秀秋).
- Son: Mōri Hidemoto (毛利秀元, 1579–1650), first son of Mōri Motokiyo (毛利元清) who was fourth son of the famous Mōri Motonari.
It is also said that Terumoto had a concubine who acted as an assassin.
Mōri's "Two Rivers"[edit]
- Kikkawa Motoharu (吉川 元春, 1530 – December 25, 1586) was the second son of Mōri Motonari. He became head of the Kikkawa clan family around 1550, featured prominently in all the wars of the Mōri clan.
- Kobayakawa Takakage (小早川 隆景, 1533 – July 26, 1597) was the third son of Mōri Motonari who was adopted by the Kobayakawa clan and became its 14th clan head, and fought for the Mōri clan in all their campaigns
Mōri Terumoto's "Goyonin"[edit]
Four senior vassals who supported Terumoto'[1]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "朝日日本歴史人物事典「毛利輝元」の解説". kotobank. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
- ^ "1571（元亀2）年、「毛利は天下の争いに関わってはならぬ」という遺言を残して元就が死去。". MIHARA KANKO KYOKAI. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
- ^ "天正元（1573）年には、織田信長から宗景へ、播磨・備前・美作の支配を認める朱印状が与えられたのです。これに反発した宇喜多直家は、浦上政宗の孫を擁して、再び宗景と対立します。". Okayama Prefecture. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
- ^ "天正７（１５７９）年になると宇喜多直家〈なおいえ〉は織田方につき、毛利氏から離反します。". Okayama Prefecture. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
- ^ Sato, Hiroaki (1995). Legends of the Samurai. New York: Overlook Duckworth. p. 241. ISBN 9780715643631.
- ^ Turnbull, Stephen (1998). The Samurai Sourcebook. London: Cassell & Co. p. 236. ISBN 9781854095237.
Further reading[edit]
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