May 1962

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May 24, 1962: Astronaut Scott Carpenter orbits Earth, overshoots landing zone by 250 miles
May 31, 1962: Adolf Eichmann death sentence carried out by Israel

The following events occurred in May 1962:

May 1, 1962 (Tuesday)[edit]

May 2, 1962 (Wednesday)[edit]

  • The value of the Canadian dollar was put at a fixed exchange rate at 92.5 United States cents (USD 0.925) after having had a fluctuating value since September 30, 1950. The Canadian Exchange Fund would purchase U.S. dollars in order to keep the Canadian dollar from going more than one percent above 92+12¢ American, until May 30, 1970.[4][5]
  • Benfica (of Lisbon), champion of Portugal's Primeira Divisão league, won the European Cup for the second time in a row, beating Real Madrid (champions of Spain's La Liga, 5 to 3, before a crowd of 61,257 at Amsterdam's Olympisch Stadion.
  • An OAS car bomb killed 96 people when it exploded at the docks of Algiers. The deaths of 14 other people and the injury of 147 overall made the occasion "the bloodiest single day in the modern history of Algeria's capital".[6]
  • Born:
  • Died: Clairvius Narcisse, 40, Haitian peasant who would attain media attention from 1980 onward as being the identity of a zombie after her death.[7][8]

May 3, 1962 (Thursday)[edit]

May 4, 1962 (Friday)[edit]

  • U.S. Ambassador to Canada Livingston Merchant, in his final month as envoy, made a final visit to Prime Minister John Diefenbaker in Ottawa. At the meeting Diefenbaker angrily brought out an American memorandum that had been left behind during President Kennedy's visit in May 1961.[10] The President's handwritten notes in the margin included the letters "OAS" (the Organization of American States), "but Diefenbaker read Kennedy's handwriting as 'SOB',"[11] and threatened to use the memo (and the suggestion that Kennedy thought that Diefenbaker was a "son of a bitch") in the upcoming June 18 elections. After conferring with his superiors, the ambassador later told Diefenbaker that he was personally reluctant to report "anything which could be construed as a threat" and that publication of the memo would "make difficult future relations". The memo was never used, but Kennedy and Diefenbaker never trusted each other again.
  • Dr. Masaki Watanabe of Japan performed the very first arthroscopic surgery to repair a meniscus tear, a common injury for athletes. The first patient to receive the procedure was a 17-year-old basketball player, who was returned to playing six weeks after the meniscectomy and resection of his right knee by Dr. Watanabe.[12]
  • During the El Carupanazo revolt against Venezuelan President Rómulo Betancourt, Venezuelan Air Force aircraft began a two-day attack on rebel positions at Carúpano.[13]
  • Scott Carpenter, designated as the primary pilot for the Mercury-Atlas 7 (MA-7) crewed orbital flight, completed a simulated MA-7 mission exercise.[3]

May 5, 1962 (Saturday)[edit]

May 6, 1962 (Sunday)[edit]

May 7, 1962 (Monday)[edit]

  • Three officials of the Central Intelligence Agency met with U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and implored him to stop investigation of Mafia crime boss Sam Giancana. For the first time, the CIA revealed that it had offered $150,000 to several organized criminals to carry out a "hit" against Cuba's Prime Minister, Fidel Castro.[27] The secret meeting would become public in 1975, with the release of the Rockefeller Commission's report on an investigation of the CIA.[28]
  • The six-member township council of Centralia, Pennsylvania, voted in favor of improving the new landfill at the edge of town, in time for Memorial Day ceremonies. Every year, the contents of the city dump would be set afire, despite a state law prohibiting the practice, and the May 27 burning would prove to be the end of Centralia.[29]
  • Detroit became the first city in the United States to use traffic cameras and electronic signs to regulate the flow of traffic. The pilot program began with 14 television cameras along a 3.2-mile (5.1 km) stretch of the John C. Lodge Freeway, between the Davison Expressway and Interstate 94.[30]
  • NASA announced that the Mercury 7 flight would be delayed several days due to problems with the Atlas rocket.[3]
  • The 1962 Cannes Film Festival opened.

May 8, 1962 (Tuesday)[edit]

May 9, 1962 (Wednesday)[edit]

May 10, 1962 (Thursday)[edit]

  • Pravda, the official newspaper for the Soviet Communist Party, printed the official response to pleas to prevent the continued tearing down of Moscow's monasteries and churches. The plea had been in an editorial in the magazine Moskva about the urban renewal decisions of the Architectural Planning Administration. The editorials were unsigned, but apparently approved by First Secretary Khrushchev. The day before, three of the journalists from Moskva were informed that the article was anti-Soviet.[39]
  • John C. Fischer, Jr., an aerospace technologist at Lewis Research Center, put forward a plan for a two-phased approach for a U.S. space station program, and said that the first phase, launching a crewed and fully equipped station into orbit, would take at least four years. The second phase would require envisioned injection of an uncrewed inflatable structure into orbit which would then be occupied and resupplied by ferry vehicles. This more sophisticated approach included artificial gravity (eliminating many human and hardware-design problems of long periods of zero-g); gyroscopic stability of the platform (eliminating requirements for propellants to maintain the station's orientation in orbit); and supply vehicles designed for reentry and landing at selected airports (eliminating the expense of conventional recovery methods).[40]
  • On May 10 and 11, Gemini Project Office directed McDonnell to determine what special pressure suit features would be required to allow crew members to take a "walk in space" of up to 15 minutes outside the capsule.[1] Manned Spacecraft Center's Life Systems Division proposed to measure seven parameters of crew condition during all Gemini flights. In order of priority these were blood pressure, with electrocardiogram phonocardiogram; electroencephalogram; respiration, galvanic skin response, and body temperature. The bioinstrumentation required would add 3.5 pounds (1.6 kg) per crewmember, with a total power consumption of about 2 watt-hours (7.2 kJ).[1] A postlanding survival kit weighing 24 pounds (11 kg) would be provided for each crew member.[1]
  • The Japanese monster film Mothra opened in the United States, after having premiered in Japan on July 30, 1961.[41]
  • Born: John Ngugi, Kenyan athlete and 1988 Olympic gold medalist in the 5000 metre race; in Nyahururu[42]

May 11, 1962 (Friday)[edit]

May 12, 1962 (Saturday)[edit]

  • James E. Webb, the new Administrator of NASA, found that Project Gemini cost estimates had exceeded the original $250,000,000 estimate and almost tripled to $747,000,000. Spacecraft cost rose from $240 to $391 million; Titan II GLV rockets from $113 to $162 million; Atlas-Agena targets from $88 to $106 million; and supporting development from $29 to $37 million. Estimated operations costs had declined from $59.0 to $47.8 million.[1]
  • Nine men on a fishing trip were killed by sharks after their boat sank off the coast of Newport Beach, California. Chester McMain of Norwalk was taking the Happy Jack on its first voyage when it ran into rough weather. Though the men were wearing life jackets, the sharks apparently pulled them underwater. Searchers on the fishing boat Mardic located six bodies the next day and found sharks swimming around the group.[45][46]
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The 1960 and 1962 Philippine postage stamps

May 13, 1962 (Sunday)[edit]

President Radhakrishnan

May 14, 1962 (Monday)[edit]

May 15, 1962 (Tuesday)[edit]

  • The last execution of an American for armed robbery, without homicide, took place in Huntsville, Texas as an African-American man, 20-year-old Herbert Lemuel Bradley of Dallas, was put to death in the electric chair. Bradley, who had shot an elderly grocer six times in the robbery, told reporters before he died, "I have no complaints. A man has to die sometime, but I don't think this has been fair," noting that he shared the prison with convicts serving terms of 5 to 25 years for armed robbery.[52][53] The Texas Court of Criminal Appeals had upheld the death sentence on February 28, noting that the victim was still in the hospital more than a year after being shot four times in the stomach during a gunfight.[54]
  • Born:
  • Died: Michael Dillon, 47, English physician, who became (in 1946) the first person to undergo female-to-male transsexual phalloplasty

May 16, 1962 (Wednesday)[edit]

  • The first 1,800 United States Marines dispatched to Southeast Asia, troops of the 3rd Marine Expeditionary Brigade, arrived at Bangkok to guard Thailand's border with Laos. The Thai government had given permission for 5,000 American troops to stay.[55]
  • Representatives of McDonnell Aircraft and the Gemini Project Office decided to develop more powerful retrograde rocket motors for the Gemini spacecraft. The new motors had three times the thrust level and would permit retrorocket aborts at altitudes as low as 72,000 feet (22,000 m) to 75,000 feet (23,000 m). Development of the new motors was expected to cost $1,255,000.[1]

May 17, 1962 (Thursday)[edit]

  • African-American civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. delivered a proposed "Second Emancipation Proclamation" to U.S. President Kennedy along with a proposal that Kennedy sign an executive order with the proposed title "On Behalf of the Negro Citizenry of the United States of America in commemoration of the Centennial of the Proclamation of Emancipation". Kennedy declined to act on the request "and noticeably avoided all centennial celebrations" of the original Emancipation Proclamation (which had been signed by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862).[56]
  • Thalidomide was withdrawn from sale in Japan, bringing an end to the worldwide distribution of the morning sickness drug that had caused birth defects. Dainippon Pharmaceutical halted further shipments. About 1,200 "thalidomide babies" were born in Japan.[57]
  • Mercury 7 was postponed a second time because of necessary modifications to the altitude-sensing instrumentation in the parachute-deployment system.[3]
  • Born:
  • Died: E. Franklin Frazier, 67, American sociologist

May 18, 1962 (Friday)[edit]

  • British soldiers erected a barbed wire barricade along Hong Kong's 12-mile (19 km) border with the People's Republic of China. The purpose was to block refugees from fleeing China into Hong Kong. At the time, as many as 4,000 people were attempting to flee Communist China into the British colony.[58] The next day, British administrators imposed penalties on any Hong Kong resident attempting to assist a refugee's escape.[59]
  • The Panchen Lama, leader of the Tibetan people since the nation's conquest by Communist China, presented a 70,000-word petition to visiting Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai, pleading for relief for the suffering of Tibetans under Communist rule. Repression of Tibetan Buddhists eased to some extent after the Panchen Lama's bold move.[60]
  • McDonnell subcontracted the parachute landing system for Gemini to Northrop Ventura for $1,829,272. The Gemini Project Office had decided in April on using a system of one 84.2-foot (25.7 m) diameter ring-sail parachute, but now decided to add an 18-foot (5.5 m) ring-sail drogue parachute to the system. McDonnell proposed deploying the drogue at 10,000 feet (3,000 m).[1] NASA would concur on May 24.
  • Al Oerter became the first person to throw the discus more than 200 feet (61 m), setting a mark of 61.10 m (200'5") at Los Angeles.[61]
  • Born:

May 19, 1962 (Saturday)[edit]

May 19, 1962: Marilyn Monroe sings to President Kennedy
  • Marilyn Monroe made her last significant public appearance, singing "Happy Birthday, Mr. President" at a birthday party for President John F. Kennedy at Madison Square Garden. The event was part of a fundraiser to pay off the Democratic Party's four million-dollar debt remaining from Kennedy's 1960 presidential campaign.[63] Monroe was stitched into a $12,000 dress "made of nothing but beads" and wore nothing underneath as she appeared at the request of Peter Lawford; President Kennedy thanked her afterward, joking, "I can now retire from politics after having had 'Happy Birthday' sung to me in such a sweet, wholesome way."[64]
  • Mercury 7 was postponed a third time because of irregularities in the temperature control device on a heater in the Atlas flight control system.[3]
  • Died: Gabriele Münter, 85, German expressionist painter

May 20, 1962 (Sunday)[edit]

May 21, 1962 (Monday)[edit]

May 22, 1962 (Tuesday)[edit]

  • All 45 people on board Continental Airlines Flight 11 were killed when the Boeing 707 was destroyed by dynamite while at an altitude of 39,000 feet (12,000 m).[69] The airliner was flying from Chicago to Kansas City when the explosion occurred in the rear lavatory while the jet was over Centerville, Iowa near the border between the U.S. states of Iowa and Missouri. The fuselage came down 19 miles (31 km) from Centerville on a farm near Unionville, Missouri.[70] Contact was lost at 9:15 p.m. and the plane had disappeared from radar at 9:40 after leaving behind a 60-mile (97 km) line of debris, including a briefcase with the initials "T.G.D."; Thomas G. Doty, one of the passengers, had been on his way to Kansas City to face criminal charges for armed robbery. He had taken out a $300,000 life insurance policy payable to his wife and had bought sticks of dynamite at a hardware store before carrying out the murder-suicide.[71][72]
  • American composer Richard Rodgers became the first "EGOT" (the winner of a Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony for television, recorded music, film and stage, respectively) when he received the Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Music for Television, as composer of music for the ABC television show Winston Churchill: The Valiant Years. He had won an Oscar in 1945 for Best Original Song ("It Might as Well Be Spring"), his first Tony Award in 1950 (South Pacific, and his first Grammy Award in 1961 for The Sound of Music.[73]
  • Born:

May 23, 1962 (Wednesday)[edit]

  • Representatives from Avco Manufacturing Corporation made a presentation to MSC on a proposal for an orbiting space station, with a primary purpose of determining the effects of zero-g on the crew's ability to stand reentry. Avco's proposed station design comprised three separate tubes about 3 metres (9.8 ft) in diameter and 6 metres (20 ft) long, launched separately aboard Titan IIs and joined in a triangular shape in orbit. A standard Gemini spacecraft was to serve as ferry vehicle.[40]
  • Former French Army General Raoul Salan, founder of the French terrorist Organisation armée secrète, was sentenced to life imprisonment for treason, after initially being given a death sentence in absentia. General Salan would be pardoned by President Charles de Gaulle on June 15, 1968, after more than six years' incarceration at the prison in Tulle.[75]
  • The first successful reattachment (replantation) of a severed limb was accomplished by Dr. Ronald A. Malt at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. Everett Knowles, a 12-year-old boy, had had his right arm severed at the shoulder by a freight train. A year after the limb was saved, Everett could move all five fingers and bend his wrist, and by 1965, he was again playing baseball and tennis.[76][77]
  • U.S. President Kennedy signed a Presidential Directive waiving the quota against accepting immigrants from China. Since 1943, the quota for Chinese immigrants had been only 105 per year. Within three years, President Lyndon Johnson would put the quota for Asian nations at the same level as that for European nations.[78]
  • Drilling for the first subway in Montreal commenced at 8:00 a.m., as a crew began to bore a 1.2-mile (1.9 km) long tunnel under Berri Street, to run between Metropolitan Boulevard and Jean Talon Street.[79]
  • Ernst Krenek's opera What Price Confidence? premièred at Saarbrücken, seventeen years after its composition.
Proposed paraglider deployment sequence during Gemini landing

May 24, 1962 (Thursday)[edit]

Carpenter
  • Scott Carpenter orbited the Earth three times in the Aurora 7 space capsule, then splashed down 250 miles (400 km) off course in the Atlantic Ocean. He was located and rescued by the aircraft carrier USS Intrepid (CV-11). The Mercury 7 mission lifted off from Cape Canaveral at 7:45 a.m. (1245 UTC) local time, went around the Earth three times, then began its return at 1:30 p.m. (1830 UTC). Instead of being tilted 34° toward the horizon, the capsule was inclined at 25° and overshot its mark, landing at 1:41 p.m.[3][81] The mission achieved all objectives. Only one critical component malfunction occurred, a random failure of the pitch horizon scanner, which provided a reference point to the attitude gyroscopes. To compensate, the spacecraft was allowed to drift for 77 additional minutes and the flight lasted 4 hours and 56 minutes. Splashdown happened 125 miles (201 km) northeast of Puerto Rico. The overshoot was traced to a 25° yaw error when the retrograde rockets were fired, about three seconds late, which caused 20 miles (32 km) of the overshoot. Carpenter, who had deployed a rubber raft, floated for 2 hours and 59 minutes before being rescued by helicopter.[3]
  • The string quartet piece ST/10=1, 080262, the first classical music composed using a computer, was premiered. Greek composer Iannis Xenakis had created the work with the aid of an IBM 7090 computer.[82]
  • The U.S. Embassy in Moscow renewed the passport of Lee Harvey Oswald and approved the entry of his wife and daughter into the United States.[34]
  • North American Aviation began testing the emergency parachute system for the Gemini flight test vehicle.[1]

May 25, 1962 (Friday)[edit]

  • The new Coventry Cathedral, also known as St Michael's Cathedral, was consecrated in Coventry, West Midlands, for the Church of England, more than 20 years after the November 14, 1940 destruction of the 500-year-old Cathedral by German Luftwaffe bombers during World War II. The new cathedral, symbolic of forgiveness and rebirth, stands next to the ruins of the old one.[83]
  • A group of students at Haigazian University in Beirut launched the first rocket in what would become the Lebanese space program, sending the HCRS-7 Cedar rocket to an altitude of 11,500 metres (37,700 ft) under the supervision and protection of the Lebanese Army, which arranged for the clearing of airspace around the launch area.[84]
  • Died:
    • David Ogle, 40, English automobile designer who had founded his own sports car company, was killed while driving his Ogle Mini GT sports to a race circuit where he was going to demonstrate the vehicle. He was on the A1 highway at Digswell, Hertfordshire and traveling at 85 miles per hour (137 km/h) when he collided with a van and the car burst into flame.[85][86]
    • Simone Tanner Chaumet, 45, French humanitarian honored for her role in saving hundreds of Jewish children in France during World War II, and later a peace activist in Algeria, was murdered in the Algiers suburb of Bouzaréah.

May 26, 1962 (Saturday)[edit]

May 27, 1962 (Sunday)[edit]

May 28, 1962 (Monday)[edit]

May 29, 1962 (Tuesday)[edit]

May 30, 1962 (Wednesday)[edit]

May 31, 1962 (Thursday)[edit]

References[edit]

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  2. ^ Epting, Chris (2009). The Birthplace Book: A Guide to Birth Sites of Famous People, Places, and Things. Stackpole Books. p. 179.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Grimwood, James M. "PART III (A) Operational Phase of Project Mercury May 5, 1961 through May 1962". Project Mercury - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4001. NASA. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  4. ^ "A History of the Canadian Dollar" (PDF). Bank of Canada. pp. 61–62, 71.
  5. ^ Hart, Michael (2003). A Trading Nation: Canadian Trade Policy from Colonialism to Globalization. UBC Press. p. 222.
  6. ^ "Algerian Carnage Takes Lives Of 110". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. May 3, 1962. p. 1.
  7. ^ "Zombies: Do They Exist?". TIME. October 17, 1983.
  8. ^ Louis, Andre J. (2007). Voodoo in Haiti: Catholicism, Protestantism & A Model of Effective Ministry in the Context of Voodoo In Haiti. Tate Publishing. p. 166.
  9. ^ "Engineer Arrested After Train Crash Kills 163 In Japan", Nashua (NH) Telegraph, May 4, 1962, p1
  10. ^ Glazov, Jamie (2003). Canadian Policy toward Khrushchev's Soviet Union. McGill-Queens University Press. p. 147.
  11. ^ Mahant, Edelgard; Mount, Graeme S. (1999). Invisible and Inaudible in Washington: American Policies Toward Canada. University of British Columbia Press. p. 48.
  12. ^ Miller, Mark D.; Cole, Brian J. (2004). Textbook of Arthroscopy. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 4–5.
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  14. ^ "Cruise Ship to Make Fair Runs", The Daily Chronicle (Centralia WA), April 18, 1962, p7
  15. ^ "Just Announced! Fabulous 10-day Seattle World's Fair Cruise... from just $195 round trip", advertisement, Los Angeles Times, April 18, 1962, p25
  16. ^ Peter Plowman, The SITMAR Liners: Past and Present (Rosenberg Publishing, 2004) pp189-190
  17. ^ "Super Spurs turn Cup Final into a Soccer Classic", The Observer (London), May 6, 1962, p20
  18. ^ "Tottenham English Soccer King Again", Miami News, May 6, 1962, p1C
  19. ^ "Segni Wins Presidency After Melee", Spokane Spokesman-Review, May 7, 1962, p1
  20. ^ Donald A. MacKenzie, Inventing Accuracy: A Historical Sociology of Nuclear Missile Guidance (MIT Press, 1993) pp342-343
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  22. ^ Michael J. Walsh, ed., Butler's Lives of the Saints (HarperCollins, 1991) p 361
  23. ^ "Detroit Wins Title In U.S. Pin Loop", May 7, 1962, p19
  24. ^ "Thunderbirds Sweep Bowling World Series", Lansing (MI) State Journal, May 7, 1962, C-1
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  31. ^ Amanda Vaill, Somewhere: The Life of Jerome Robbins (Random House Digital, 2008) p 344
  32. ^ Harold H. Martin, Atlanta and Environs: A Chronicle of Its People and Events : Years of Change and Challenge, 1940-1976 (University of Georgia Press, 1987) p 349–350
  33. ^ Theodore S. Creedman, Historical Dictionary of Costa Rica (Scarecrow Press, 1991) p 222
  34. ^ a b The Warren Commission Report: Report of the President's Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy (Associated Press, 1964)
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  40. ^ a b Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Brooks, Courtney G.; Ertel, Ivan D.; Newkirk, Roland W. "PART I: Early Space Station Activities -1923 to December 1962.". SKYLAB: A CHRONOLOGY. NASA Special Publication-4011. NASA. pp. 17–18. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
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  44. ^ "'First' Elephant Race Puts College on Map". Youngstown Vindicator. May 12, 1962. p. 1.
  45. ^ "Sharks Eat Sea Victims". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. May 14, 1962. p. 1.
  46. ^ "Shark-Mangled Bodies Found At Sea". Toledo Blade. May 14, 1962. p. 2.
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  48. ^ "New India President In Plea for Unity", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, May 14, 1962, p2
  49. ^ Robert N. Minor, Radhakrishnan: A Religious Biography (SUNY Press, 1987)
  50. ^ "Royal Houses of Spain and Greece Joined". Lewiston Daily Sun. Lewiston, Maine. May 15, 1962. p. 1.
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  52. ^ "Negro Bandit Dies in Chair Holding Bible". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Fort Worth, Texas. May 16, 1962. p. 2-7.
  53. ^ Marquart, James W.; et al. (1998). The Rope, The Chair, and the Needle: Capital Punishment in Texas, 1923–1990. University of Texas Press. p. 116.
  54. ^ "Texans Under Death Decree Lose Appeals". Tyler Morning Telegraph. Tyler, Texas. January 11, 1962. p. 4-7.
  55. ^ "U.S. Jets Land In Thailand". Miami News. May 16, 1962. p. 1.
  56. ^ Blight, David W.; Scharfstein, Allison (May 16, 2012). "King's Forgotten Manifesto". The New York Times.
  57. ^ Goto, Kunio (2006). A Social History of Science and Technology in Contemporary Japan. Trans Pacific Press. pp. 489–490.
  58. ^ "Barbed Wire Curtain Halts Flight To Hong Kong". Miami News. May 18, 1962. p. 1.
  59. ^ "Hong Kong Refugee Aid Is Banned". Miami News. May 19, 1962. p. 1.
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  61. ^ Matthews, Peter (2012). Historical Dictionary of Track and Field. Scarecrow Press. p. 64.
  62. ^ Spahr, Wolfgang (18 November 1995). "The Force Behind the Hits: Germany's Top Tunesmiths". Billboard. Vol. 107, no. 46. p. 78. ISSN 0006-2510.
  63. ^ "$1,000,000 Raised for Party at JFK 'Birthday Salute'". St. Joseph News-Press. St. Joseph, Missouri. May 20, 1962. p. 1.
  64. ^ Mahoney, Richard D. (1999). Sons & Brothers: The Days of Jack and Bobby Kennedy. Arcade Publishing. p. 161.
  65. ^ Nigel I. Jowett, et al., Comprehensive Coronary Care (Elsevier Health Sciences, 2007) p 16; "Resuscitating a Circulation Abstract to Celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the Coronary Care Unit Concept", by W. Bruce Fye, M.D., Circulation magazine, May 1, 1962, pp1886-93
  66. ^ "$10 Million AFL Suit Ruled Out". The Milwaukee Sentinel. May 22, 1962. p. 2–3.
  67. ^ Polmar, Norman (2001). Spyplane: The U-2 History Declassified. Zenith Imprint. p. 182.
  68. ^ Goldschmidt, Arthur (2008). A Brief History of Egypt. Infobase Publishing. p. 174.
  69. ^ Aviation Safety Network
  70. ^ "O'HARE JET CRASH IN IOWA— 44 on Flight Bound for Kansas City", Chicago Daily Tribune, The New York Times, May 23, 1962, p. 1
  71. ^ "Brief Case Clue To Jet Crash Studied By FBI". Miami News. May 29, 1962. p. 2.
  72. ^ "Death Plane Passengers Had Bought Dynamite". Miami News. June 17, 1962. p. 1.
  73. ^ Grein, Paul (May 16, 2019). "In 1962, Richard Rodgers Became the First EGOT (Before That Was Even a Thing)". Billboard.
  74. ^ "John P. Sarbanes, U.S. Representative (Maryland)".
  75. ^ Shepard, Todd (2008). The Invention of Decolonization: The Algerian War and the Remaking of France. Cornell University Press. p. 131.
  76. ^ "He Takes a Grip on Life: A boy who made medical history puts his sewed-on arm to work". LIFE. August 2, 1963. pp. 31–34.
  77. ^ Casey, Wilson (2009). Firsts: Origins of Everyday Things That Changed the World. Penguin.
  78. ^ Nee, Victor; De Bary Nee, Brett (1986). Longtime Californ': A Documentary Study of an American Chinatown. Stanford University Press. p. 254.
  79. ^ "Subway Started, New Tenders Set". Montreal Gazette. May 24, 1962. p. 3.
  80. ^ Hodges, Donald C.; Gandy, Ross (2002). Mexico, the End of the Revolution. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 102–103.
  81. ^ "CARPENTER LIFTED SAFELY FROM SEA: Overshot Target By 250 Miles In 3 Orbital Flight". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. May 25, 1962. p. 1.
  82. ^ Manning, Peter (2004). Electronic and Computer Music. Oxford University Press. p. 203.
  83. ^ Alfred F. Havighurst, Britain in Transition: The Twentieth Century (University of Chicago Press, 1985) p643
  84. ^ "HU produced the 1st rockets shot in the Arab world", Haigazian University website
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