October 1913

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October 17, 1913: 28 people killed in deadliest air crash up to that time
October 7, 1913: Ford Motor Company inaugurates its first moving assembly line
October 16, 1913: Royal Navy launches its first oil-powered warship, HMS Queen Elizabeth
October 14, 1913: 439 coal miners killed in Wales, rescuers unable to find survivors inside

The following events occurred in October 1913:

Wednesday, October 1, 1913[edit]

Thursday, October 2, 1913[edit]

  • China's National Assembly passed a law limiting the President of China to a five-year term of office, with only one re-election.[10]
  • Flooding in Southern Texas caused $50,000,000 of property damage, though only 12 lives were lost.[11]
  • The Mexican city of Torreón fell to rebel invaders, led by Pancho Villa, a day after Mexican federal troops evacuated the area.[12]
  • Scottish murderer Patrick Higgins was hanged after being convicted of the November 1911 murder of his two sons, based on forensic evidence developed by Sydney Smith. Higgins, a habitual drinker, had admitted to the killings but had raised the defense of "insanity caused by epilepsy". This was disproved by analysis and testimony from Smith.[13]
  • Well-known American author Ambrose Bierce decided, at the age of 71, that he wanted to conclude his life by leaving his Washington, D.C., home to participate in the Mexican Revolution, departing by train after writing to his niece that "being stood up against a Mexican stone wall and shot to rags... beats old age, disease, or falling down the cellar stairs". After reaching Mexico and sending a letter from Chihuahua City on December 26, Bierce vanished "without a trace".[14]
  • The State Bank of Mysore was established in Bangalore, India.[15]
  • Born: Roma Mitchell, Australian politician, first woman to serve as a Governor of an Australian state, Governor of South Australia, 1991-1996; in Adelaide (d. 2000)

Friday, October 3, 1913[edit]

  • At 9:10 p.m., U.S. President Woodrow Wilson signed into law the Revenue Act, also known as the Underwood–Simmons Tariff Act, dropping or reducing many of the tariffs of the United States. An amendment to the bill also provided the first federal income tax authorized by the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, though the initial rates were modest in comparison to the lowered cost of living provided by the tariff elimination.[16] The charges on imported meats, fish, dairy products, flour and potatoes were eliminated, as well as those for coal, iron ore and lumber from abroad, and farm machinery and office machinery made outside the United States. On the average the tariff rate was reduced from 37 percent to 27 percent. Wilson said afterwards, "We have set the business of this country free from those conditions which have made monopoly not only possible, but, in a sense, easy and natural."[17][18] The U.S. Senate had approved the bill, 36–17, the day before, and the House of Representatives had voted, 254–103, in its favor on September 30.
  • The government of Austria-Hungary passed a bill increasing the size of its army to 600,000 men and authorizing an army of 2,000,000 men in the event of war. The war against Serbia, less than nine months later, would escalate into World War I.[19]
  • The Allentown State Hospital was opened in Allentown, Pennsylvania, and remains one of seven remaining mental health institutions in the state.[20]
  • Died: Paul Preuss, 27, Austrian mountaineer, was killed in a climbing accident on the North Ridge of the Mandlkogel in the Gosaukamm.[21]

Saturday, October 4, 1913[edit]

Annie Oakley in later years
  • Oregon, though it was the second of American state to pass an authorization for a minimum wage law (after Massachusetts), became the first state to have orders implementing a wage, beginning with a regulation for girls between the ages of 16 and 18 who had worked at least one year and who were working the maximum 54 hours per week; the $8.25 for the 54 hour week was equivalent to slightly more than 15 cents per hour.[22] Later rules would extend coverage to experienced adult women in Portland (November 23) and to all women, regardless of experience (February 7);[23][24]
  • The new site of the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina opened to the public in Sarajevo.[25]
  • At Marion, Illinois, legendary sharpshooter Annie Oakley gave the last public performance of her shooting skills. Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show, where Oakley had been a major star, had gone bankrupt earlier in the year.[26]
  • Survivalist Joseph Knowles, who had gone into the forests of Maine on August 4 without clothing, food or tools, emerged after completing his two-month experiment. Not only had he survived, but he had fashioned "a bearskin robe, deerskin moccasins, and a knife, bow and arrows" from the materials in the wilderness.[27]
  • Mexican rebel leader Emiliano Zapata issued a widely circulated order to his troops, commanding them that "under no pretext nor for any personal cause should crimes be committed against lives and properties". Officers were directed to punish any soldiers who violated the order, or to face court-martial themselves.[28]
  • Born: Martial Célestin, first Prime Minister of Haiti (in 1988); in Ganthier (d. 2011)
  • Died: Faisal bin Turki, 49, Sultan of Muscat and Oman within the Ottoman Empire since 1888 [29] (b. 1864)

Sunday, October 5, 1913[edit]

Monday, October 6, 1913[edit]

President Yuan receiving dignitaries
  • Barely receiving the two-thirds majority required, Yuan Shikai was formally elected by the National Assembly after three rounds of voting, to a five-year term as the President of China. A total of 759 of the 850 Chinese Senators and Representatives participated in Beijing. With a candidate needing 506 votes, Yuan received 507 on the third ballot. Li Yuan-Heng, who had already said that he would not be a candidate for the office, received 179 votes, while the other legislators abstained. The votes for Yan and Li were 471–153 on the first round, and 497–162 on the second.[36] After the second round, a mob of Yuan's supporters surrounded the legislative building and blocked the exits.[37] Li was elected vice-president the next day.[38] President Yuan would dissolve the legislature four weeks later and assume dictatorial powers, then proclaim himself the Emperor.[39]
  • Chicago became the first major American city to pass a resolution declaring the immorality of the tango, a dance which had recently become popular in the United States after originating in Argentina. The tango differed from acceptable dances because of the contact between the upper thighs of the dancers.[40]
  • At his inauguration as the new American Governor-General of the Philippines, Francis Burton Harrison delivered a promise, from U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, that Filipinos would be granted a majority of the seats on the Philippine Commission, the appointed group that had to approve bills passed by the Philippine legislature.[41]
  • Heavy rains killed more than 600 people in the Bosphorous straits around Istanbul.[42]
  • Born:

Tuesday, October 7, 1913[edit]

Wednesday, October 8, 1913[edit]

Australian championship winner Port Adelaide

Thursday, October 9, 1913[edit]

  • The passenger ship SS Volturno, operated by the Uranium Line, caught fire while crossing the Atlantic Ocean. Although 125 passengers and crew died while trying to evacuate, the other 532 people were rescued by ten other steamers that traveled to the rescue after hearing the S.O.S. signal by wireless telegraph,[52][53] Popular Mechanics magazine would observe in its next issue that "The day of the 'mystery of the sea,' when a vessel might sail from port and never be heard from again, is past."[54]
  • The Russian Arctic Expedition arrived at St. Michael, Alaska, and delivered the first reports of the discovery of the previously unknown land mass which they had named Nicholas II Land (Zemlya Imperatova Nikolaya II).[55] The area is now called Severnaya Zemlya (literally "Northern Land").
  • Born: George M. Foster, American anthropologist, pioneer of medical anthropology; in Sioux Falls, South Dakota (d. 2006)
  • Died: Robinson Ellis, 76, British academic, described as "the greatest of English Latinists" (b. 1834)

Friday, October 10, 1913[edit]

  • U.S. President Woodrow Wilson pressed a telegraph key at his desk in the White House, sending the electrical charge that ignited dynamite to destroy the Gamboa Dike, thereby completing the Panama Canal between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. There was no ceremony; after Wilson pressed the button at 2:00 pm, he said, "There, it is all over. Gamboa is busted."[56][57]
  • Sixteen days before the legislative and presidential elections scheduled for October 26, Mexico's President Victoriano Huerta ordered the arrest of 110 members of the Chamber of Deputies. Soldiers of the Mexican Army surrounded the legislative building, then marched in to arrest the legislators, who had signed a resolution protesting the disappearance of Senator Belisario Dominguez.[58] Seventy-four of the legislators were later charged with conspiring to overthrow the Huerta government.[59]
  • At the inauguration ceremony for China's president Yuan Shikai, the Chief of Beijing's mounted police was arrested and charged with plotting to assassinate Yuan. Police Chief Chen, who confessed that he had been bribed by leaders of the Southern provinces rebellion, had aroused suspicion because of his persistence in trying to be near President Yuan during the ceremony, and several bombs were found at Chief Chen's home.[60]
  • The body of Rudolf Diesel, inventor of the diesel engine, was found floating in the sea, 11 days after his September 28 disappearance from the passenger liner SS Dresden. The crew of the steamer Coertsen, from Belgium, found the body, which was identified by the items Diesel had been carrying.[61]
  • French composer Erik Satie produced the first in a series of piano compositions for beginners titled Enfantines.[62]
  • Born: Claude Simon, French novelist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature, author of Triptyque and L'Acacia; in Tananarive, French Madagascar (d. 2005)
  • Died:

Saturday, October 11, 1913[edit]

Athletics vs. Giants at the Polo Grounds
Banned in Boston

Sunday, October 12, 1913[edit]

Monday, October 13, 1913[edit]

Tuesday, October 14, 1913[edit]

Wednesday, October 15, 1913[edit]

Thursday, October 16, 1913[edit]

President Toptani

Friday, October 17, 1913[edit]

Saturday, October 18, 1913[edit]

Sunday, October 19, 1913[edit]

Ryan

Monday, October 20, 1913[edit]

Palmer

Tuesday, October 21, 1913[edit]

R.J. Reynolds' new "Turkish blend" cigarette

Wednesday, October 22, 1913[edit]

Thursday, October 23, 1913[edit]

Friday, October 24, 1913[edit]

Saturday, October 25, 1913[edit]

Sunday, October 26, 1913[edit]

  • Presidential and legislative elections were held as scheduled in Mexico, but the results were not announced. The Mexican Constitution required that at least one-third of the registered voters had to participate in order for an election to be valid, and it was estimated than less than one-eighth of the electorate turned out.[131]
  • Parliamentary elections were held in Italy, with the Liberal Party of Prime Minister Giovanni Giolitti retaining its majority.[132] For the first time, there was no literacy requirement for all voters (those over 30 were exempt) and the secret ballot was used throughout the nation.[133]
  • Born: Charlie Barnet, American jazz musician, known for his saxophone collaborations with other artists including Billy May, in New York City (d. 1991)

Monday, October 27, 1913[edit]

The Emir Mubarak

Tuesday, October 28, 1913[edit]

Wednesday, October 29, 1913[edit]

picture1
picture2
Competing inventors Edwin Howard Armstrong and Irving Langmuir
  • After months of delay, Edwin Howard Armstrong filed a patent application on his invention of the regenerative circuit. On the same day, Irving Langmuir applied for a patent on his own regenerative circuit. In the lawsuits that followed over nearly 20 years, Armstrong would be given priority on the strength of a diagram of the circuit, which he had had notarized on January 13, 1913[146] and would be granted U.S. Patent #1,113,149 on October 6, 1914.[147]

Thursday, October 30, 1913[edit]

Friday, October 31, 1913[edit]

References[edit]

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  2. ^ "Record of Current Events", The American Monthly Review of Reviews (November 1913), pp. 551-554
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  9. ^ The Musical Times, 1 November 1913, p. 744
  10. ^ "Record of Current Events" November 1913, pp. 551-554
  11. ^ "Record of Current Events" November 1913, pp. 551-554
  12. ^ Pick, Zuzana (2010). Constructing the Image of the Mexican Revolution. University of Texas Press. p. 220.
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  56. ^ "Canal Is Opened by Wilson's Finger", New York Times, October 11, 1913
  57. ^ "Few Saw Button Pressed", New York Times, October 11, 1913
  58. ^ "Huerta Arrests 110 Legislators", New York Times, October 12, 1913; "Huerta Becomes Mexican Dictator", New York Times, October 12, 1913
  59. ^ Scott Mainwaring and Matthew Soberg Shugart, Presidentialism and Democracy in Latin America (Cambridge University Press, 1997) p. 230
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  61. ^ Josh Tickell, Biodiesel America: How to Achieve Energy Security, Free America from Middle-east Oil Dependence And Make Money Growing Fuel (Yorkshire Press, 2006) p. 65
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  65. ^ Mark T. Gilderhus, The Second Century: U.S.–Latin American Relations Since 1889 (Rowman & Littlefield, 2000) p. 43
  66. ^ "Boston Bans the Tango", New York Times, October 12, 1913
  67. ^ Norbert M. Samuelson, An Introduction to Modern Jewish Philosophy(SUNY Press, 1989) p. 212
  68. ^ "World's Tour Team Named by M'Graw" (PDF). The New York Times. October 13, 1913.
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  73. ^ (in Portuguese) Rio Branco Sport Club at Arquivo de Clubes
  74. ^ "400 Welsh Miners Are Probably Dead", New York Times, October 15, 1913; "Buried Miners Given up", New York Times, October 16, 1913
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  77. ^ "Won't Recognize Mexican Election", New York Times, October 15, 1913
  78. ^ Daniel R. Levitt, The Battle that Forged Modern Baseball: The Federal League Challenge and Its Legacy (Rowman & Littlefield, 2012) p. 45
  79. ^ "Altman Fortune to Charity Trust, Art to the City", New York Times, October 15, 1913
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  81. ^ "Natives on Filipino Board", New York Times, October 16, 1913
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  98. ^ "Isaacs Is Made Lord Chief Justice", New York Times, October 21, 1913
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  128. ^ ""Arshin Mal Alan": an operetta for all time". Visions of Azerbaijan. Retrieved 2010-12-22.
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  130. ^ "Notice (name change to Village Municipality of Kepasiwin)" (PDF). Government of Alberta. 1918-08-28. Retrieved 2011-10-10.
  131. ^ "Mexico Votes; Nobody Elected", New York Times, October 27, 1913
  132. ^ "Bloodshed Attends Italian Elections", New York Times, October 27, 1913
  133. ^ "Italy's Election under the New Laws", New York Times, October 26, 1913
  134. ^ Zach Levey and Elie Podeh, Britain And the Middle East: From Imperial Power to Junior Partner (Sussex Academic Press, 2008) p. 233
  135. ^ Howard Jones, Crucible of Power: A History of American Foreign Relations Since 1897 (Rowman & Littlefield, 2008); "No Conquest, Wilson's Pledge", New York Times, October 28, 1913, p. 1
  136. ^ Christopher C. Burt, Extreme Weather: A Guide & Record Book (W. W. Norton & Company, 2007) p. 186
  137. ^ "Dato as Spain's Premier", New York Times, October 27, 1913
  138. ^ "Diaz a Refugee on Battleship", New York Times, October 29, 1913
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  141. ^ Naomi Pasachoff and Robert J. Littman, A Concise History Of The Jewish People (Rowman & Littlefield, 2005) p. 247
  142. ^ Украина // Винница // Трамвай
  143. ^ "Killed at Giants' Game", New York Times, October 29, 1913
  144. ^ Robert S. Petersen, Comics, Manga, and Graphic Novels: A History of Graphic Narratives (ABC-CLIO, 2011) p108
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