October 1973

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October 6, 1973: Syrian troops invade Israel from the east
October 6, 1973: Army of Egypt recaptures the Suez Canal after six years as Yom Kippur War starts with invasion of Israel from the south
October 10, 1973: Facing criminal indictment, Spiro Agnew becomes first U.S. Vice President in more than 140 years to resign
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October 20, 1973: U.S. President Nixon fires Attorney General Elliott Richardson and Deputy William Ruckelshaus after they refuse to fire Watergate prosecutor Archibald Cox

The following events occurred in October 1973:

October 1, 1973 (Monday)[edit]

October 2, 1973 (Tuesday)[edit]

October 3, 1973 (Wednesday)[edit]

  • The Providence Journal-Bulletin broke the news story that U.S. President Nixon had paid only $792.81 in federal income taxes in federal taxes for 1970 and only $878.03 in 1971, despite a salary of $200,000 in each year. Nixon successfully claimed a tax refund of $72,614 for 1970 and $58,889 for 1971.[6]
  • In one of the largest battles in South Vietnam in the year following the January 1973 ceasefire, the South Vietnamese Army fought the Battle of Ap Da Bien and defeated the invading North Vietnamese Army's 207th Regiment.
  • The Soviet Union made the unprecedented launch of eight satellites simultaneously from the Baikonur Cosmodrome at 2:46 in the morning local time (2146 October 2 UTC), sending up Kosmos 588, 589, 590, 591, 592, 593, 594 and 595.[7]
  • East Germany's parliament, the Volkskammer, elected premier Willi Stoph to the post of head of state, as Chairman of the Council of State. Erich Honecker, the de facto leader of the communist nation as First Secretary of the Socialist Unity Party, nominated Stoph and, consistent with the policies in East European nations at the time, the Volkskammer gave its unanimous approval.[8]
  • Born:
  • Died: José Gregorio Liendo, 28, Chilean leftist guerrilla leader, was executed by firing squad after being convicted of the September 12 attack on the Neltume police station.

October 4, 1973 (Thursday)[edit]

  • The United Nations General Assembly barred South Africa's Foreign Minister, Dr. Hilgard Muller, from addressing the UN in response to criticism of the white-minority ruled nation's apartheid policy. South Africa's UN Ambassador, Carl von Hirschberg, was also denied the right to speak as part of the UN's most powerful action to that time against South Africa.[9] The next day, General Assembly President Leopoldo Benites of Ecuador ruled that no member of the UN could be denied the right to have its representatives speak, but representatives of the other African member nations walked out as Hirschberg rose to speak. The General Assembly voted, 72 to 37, to reject the credentials of the South African representatives, although the move did not affect South Africa's membership in the UN.[10]
  • The ballet Adagio Hammerklavier, choreographed by Hans van Manen to the music of Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 29, premiered with a performance by the Dutch National Ballet at the Stadsschouwburg theater in Amsterdam
  • Died: Alfred Gottschalk, 79, German biochemist

October 5, 1973 (Friday)[edit]

October 6, 1973 (Saturday)[edit]

Egypt's attack on the Sinai peninsula

October 7, 1973 (Sunday)[edit]

October 8, 1973 (Monday)[edit]

  • As Syrian tanks swept across the Golan Heights, and a counter-attack against Egypt in the Sinai peninsula failed to halt an advance, Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir gave Defense Minister Moshe Dayan an authorization to assemble Israel's 13 nuclear weapons and to distribute them to Israeli Air Force units. The nuclear bombs were to be used only if Egyptian or Syrian troops invaded Israel itself.[20][21]
  • The United Kingdom's 50-year monopoly on radio broadcasting came to an end as the London Broadcasting Company (LBC) became the first legal commercial radio station. Starting at 6:00 in the morning with David Jessel announcing, and operating on 720 KHz (417 meters) on the AM dial, LBC transmitted Independent Radio News reports and commentary 24 hours a day.[22][23]
  • Spyros Markezinis was sworn in as Greece's first civilian Prime Minister since 1967, but would be forced to resign before the end of the year after an abortive attempt to lead Greece to parliamentary rule.
  • South Africa introduced postal codes for more accurate sorting and delivery of mailed items, ranging from 0002 for Pretoria, to 9781 for the Bloemfontein suburb of Botshabelo.[24]
  • Died: Gabriel Marcel, 83, French philosopher known for The Mystery of Being

October 9, 1973 (Tuesday)[edit]

  • Cape Kennedy in the U.S. state of Florida, site of the launches of America's crewed space missions, was restored to its former name of Cape Canaveral by vote of the U.S. Board of Geographic Names. Assistant U.S. Secretary of the Interior Stephen Wakefield signed the order restoring the former name of the Cape, which had been changed on November 28, 1963,[25] six days after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. The NASA headquarters on the Cape continued to be called the Kennedy Space Center.[26]
The former Syrian Army Headquarters
  • Three days after the start of the Yom Kippur War and an attack by Syrian missiles against settlements in the Golan Heights, the Israeli Air Force sent seven F-4 Phantom jets on a mission to Damascus, and destroyed the Syrian Army Headquarters. The bombing also damaged the Syrian Air Force headquarters, a Soviet cultural center, and a TV station. At least 26 people were killed in the military bombing, and the Soviet Union said that 30 were killed in the destruction of the cultural center.[27] By October 13, the Syrians had been pushed back from the Golan Heights.
  • The House of Deputies of the Episcopal Church of the United States voted overwhelmingly to end its long-standing law against providing communion to church members who had remarried following a civil divorce. The House of Bishops had previously endorsed the change in rules.[28]
  • The government of the Netherlands issued a nationwide ban on Sunday driving for private motor vehicles as a means of saving gasoline during the worldwide shortage of oil.[29]
  • Born:
  • Died: Sister Rosetta Tharpe, 58, American gospel singer and electric guitarist, died of a stroke.

October 10, 1973 (Wednesday)[edit]

  • Spiro T. Agnew resigned as Vice President of the United States and then, in federal court in Baltimore, pled no contest to charges of income tax evasion on $29,500 he received in 1967, while he was governor of Maryland. He was fined $10,000 and put on 3 years probation. While Agnew continued to proclaim his innocence of all charges, he wrote in a letter to U.S. President Nixon that "As you are aware, the accusations against me cannot be resolved without a long, divisive and debilitating struggle, I have concluded that, painful as it is to me and my family, it is in the best interests of the nation that I relinquish the office of the Vice Presidency."[31] Multiple witnesses had disclosed to federal prosecutors that they had given bribes to Agnew when he was Governor of Maryland, and even after he became Vice President, in hopes of remaining eligible for state and federal engineering contracts. One reported that he had gone to Agnew's vice-presidential office and handed him $2,000 in cash while verbally calling it "a political contribution".[32]
  • The Soviet Union began airlifting military supplies to Egypt and Syria to replace equipment lost in the first days of the Yom Kippur War.[33] The U.S. responded two days later with aid to Israel.
  • The U.S. Senate voted, 75 to 20, to pass the War Powers Act, prohibiting the U.S. President from committing American troops to battle for more than 90 days without authorization by Congress, and to be able to end military action by a majority vote, not subject to veto.[34] The House of Representatives approved the bill two days later, 238 to 123.[35] President Nixon vetoed the bill on October 24, but both houses voted to override the veto.
  • The New York Mets won the fifth game of the best-3-of-5 National League Championship Series, with a 7 to 2 victory over the Cincinnati Reds.[36]
  • Born:
  • Died: Ludwig von Mises, 92, Ukrainian-born American economist and sociologist

October 11, 1973 (Thursday)[edit]

October 12, 1973 (Friday)[edit]

  • The first husband and wife team to be elected president and vice president of a nation took office as Juan Peron and Isabel Peron were sworn into office.[43]
  • In response to the October 10 shipment of replacement weapons to Egypt and Syria, U.S. President Nixon authorized Operation Nickel Grass, an airlift of replacement weapons to Israel [44] and on October 19, fifty A-4 aircraft were flown to Israel by the U.S. Navy's Patrol Squadron 92. The Arab nations would respond with a cut in their exports of oil to the United States.
  • U.S. Representative Gerald R. Ford, the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives, was nominated by U.S. President Nixon to succeed Spiro Agnew as Vice President of the United States.[45] According to the Washington Post, Nixon's first choice, former U.S. Treasury Secretary and Texas Governor John B. Connally, said in a phone discussion with White House Chief of Staff Alexander Haig that he doubted that he could be confirmed by the U.S. Senate; Nixon's other three potential nominees under consideration were New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller, California Governor Ronald Reagan, and U.S. Attorney General Elliot L. Richardson.[46]
  • A U.S. Senate subcommittee inadvertently revealed the existence of a federal intelligence agency so secret that even its name was classified. The disclosure came in a report by the Senate Committee on Secret and Confidential Documents and mentioned the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) as an example of an intelligence group that Congress should know about. One intelligence official said later, "Hell, even its initials were supposed to be classified."[47]
  • Born: Martin Corry, English rugby union flanker with 64 caps for the England national team; in Birmingham
  • Died: Peter Aufschnaiter, 73, Austrian mountaineer and cartographer profiled in the book Seven Years in Tibet

October 13, 1973 (Saturday)[edit]

October 14, 1973 (Sunday)[edit]

October 15, 1973 (Monday)[edit]

October 16, 1973 (Tuesday)[edit]

  • Prime Ministers Edward Heath of the United Kingdom and Olafur Johannesson of Iceland met in London and reached an interim agreement to end the Cod War that had arisen between the Icelandic government and British fishing trawlers.[57][58]
  • For the first time, the member nations of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) set the price for oil without consultation with the world's seven major oil corporations more than doubled the price for oil from $2.18 per barrel to $5.12 per barrel.[59]
  • Henry Kissinger of the U.S. and Le Duc Tho of North Vietnam were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for their role in negotiating the end to the Vietnam War.[60] Le Duc Tho refused the prize, however, and informed the Nobel Committee that "When guns are silenced, and peace is really restored in South Vietnam, I will reconsider the acceptance of this prize."[61]
  • Trygve Bratteli became the new Prime Minister of Norway as outgoing premier Lars Korvald handed over the keys to the office following the swearing-in ceremony.[62]
  • Maynard Jackson was elected as the first African-American mayor of a major city in the Deep South, as voters overwhelmingly approved him over incumbent mayor Sam Massell in a runoff election.[63]
  • An armed gunman kidnapped the ambassadors to Cuba from Belgium and France in a bid to have safe passage from the Communist nation. The gunman first invaded the home of Belgium's Ambassador Jean Somershausen and took him hostage, then forced him and two other captives to drive to the French Embassy.[64]
  • The Tomorrow Show, a late night talk show hosted by Tom Snyder on the NBC television network in the U.S., premiered at 1:00 in the morning, after the close of Monday night's Tonight Show with Johnny Carson. [65]
  • Born: Justin Credible (ring name for Peter J. Polaco), American professional wrestler and Extreme Championship Wrestling heavyweight champion 1999-2000; in Waterbury, Connecticut
  • Died:
    • Gene Krupa, 64, American big band drummer known for pioneering the modern drumset, died of leukemia [66]
    • Emil Praeger, 75, American civil engineer

October 17, 1973 (Wednesday)[edit]

  • Eleven Arab nations in the OPEC imposed an oil embargo against countries they deem to have helped Israel in the Yom Kippur War, announcing that they would cut their oil production by five percent, and to cut it by an additional 5% of every month thereafter (implying no exports at all by the end of September 1974) unless Israel agreed to withdraw completely from its occupied territories.[67][68]
  • U.S. district judge John J. Sirica ruled that the Senate Watergate Committee was not entitled to have access to the Watergate-related tape recordings of President Nixon, but that the U.S. Department of Justice special prosecutor, Archibald Cox, could subpoena the tapes as evidence.[69]
  • Martin Cooper, John F. Mitchell and other members of Motorola Corporation's portable communication products division filed the patent application for the DynaTAC, the first hand-held cellular telephone. U.S. Patent No. 3,906,166 would be granted slightly less than two years later, on September 16, 1975.[70]
  • The England national football team failed to qualify for the final round of soccer football's FIFA World Cup for the first time since it entered the competition in 1950. England and Poland played to 1 to 1 draw, four months after Poland had defeated England, 2 to 0, on June 6. Poland, which had a record of 2 wins, 1 draw and 1 loss against England and Wales, went to the World Cup instead, as one of the eight European nations in the field of 16 teams.
  • Born: Bhagwant Mann, Indian politician and Chief Minister of Punjab state's 28 million residents since 2022; in Satoj village, Punjab
  • Died:
    • Ingeborg Bachmann, 47, Austrian author and poet, died from injuries sustained in a fire.
    • Nicholas Tomalin, 42, British war correspondent, was killed by a Syrian missile attack on the Golan Heights while reporting on the Yom Kippur War.

October 18, 1973 (Thursday)[edit]

  • Saudi Arabia's embargo of oil exports to the U.S. began as the Middle Eastern kingdom cut its oil production by 10 percent for the rest of the month, and threatened to halt its oil shipments entirely unless the U.S. halted all military aid to Israel. At the time, the U.S. imported more oil from Canada and Venezuela, but 6% of its oil usage was of Saudi Arabian crude.[71] By the end of the month, Arab oil production had been cut by 20% and the available worldwide supply from all nations had dropped by 12%.[72]
  • Abu Dhabi, the chief emirate of the United Arab Emirates, announced that it was halting all exports of oil to the United States, becoming the first Arab oil producer to completely stop shipments.[73]
  • The Chilean Army's Caravan of Death, led by General Sergio Arellano, arrived in Antofagasta and carried out the executions of 56 leftist prisoners who had been summarily arrested after the September 11 coup d'etat. General Joaquin Lagos, the military governor of the Antofagasta province, was outraged at the murders, many of which were carried out after torture and cutting with machetes. Lagos turned in his resignation to President Augusto Pinochet, and the Caravan's activities ended four days later.[74]
  • Serial killers Willie Steelman and Douglas Gretzler committed the first of 17 murders over a 22-day period, starting with the stabbing to death of Kenneth Unrein and Michael Adshade. The pair would be captured the day after killing 9 people in a household on November 7, 1973.
  • Raisin, the Tony Award-winning Broadway musical adapted from the 1959 play A Raisin in the Sun, premiered at the 46th Street Theatre, for the first of 847 performances.
  • Born:
  • Died:
    • Walt Kelly, 60, American cartoonist and author of the comic strip Pogo, died of a cerebral thrombosis and complications of diabetes.[76]
    • Crane Wilbur, 86, American film actor and screenwriter
    • Soong Ai-ling, 84, Chinese businesswoman and founder of the Sandai Company

October 19, 1973 (Friday)[edit]

  • President Nixon rejected an Appeals Court decision that he turn over the Watergate tapes to investigators, and said instead that he would have the tapes transcribed by his own staff and reviewed by U.S. Senator John C. Stennis, a Democrat for Mississippi, for accuracy. Special Watergate Prosecutor Archibald Cox rejected the offer and announced his objections and intent to pursue further action, complaining that Nixon's proposal would "defeat the fair administration of criminal justice," a statement that would lead to Cox's firing the next day.[77]
  • Libya announced that it would halt all oil exports to the U.S., the second nation to do so.[73]
  • Elizabeth II officially assumed the title of "Queen of Australia" during her visit to Canberra with the signing of royal assent to an amendment to the Royal Styles and Titles Act.[78] Her previous title had been "Elizabeth the second, by the grace of God, of the United Kingdom, Australia and her other realms and territories, queen, head of the Commonwealth."[79]
  • Born
  • Died: Margaret C. Anderson, 86, American publisher who founded The Little Review

October 20, 1973 (Saturday)[edit]

  • What became known as the "Saturday Night Massacre" took place as U.S. President Nixon fired U.S. Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus, after both refused to fire special Watergate prosecutor Archibald Cox. The third highest-ranking U.S. Justice Department official, Robert Bork, finally fired Cox at Nixon's request.[80]
  • Saudi Arabia and Algeria announced they had halted all oil and liquefied gas exports to the United States, becoming the third and fourth Arab oil producing nations to do so.[73]
The Sydney Opera House in 2008
  • The Sydney Opera House was opened by Queen Elizabeth II after 14 years of construction.[81] The Queen told spectators, "Controversy of the most extreme kind attended the building of the pyramids, yet they stand today— 4,000 years later — acknowledged as one of the wonders of the world. I believe this will be so for the Sydney Opera House. The Opera House will have something the pyramids never had— it will have life."[82][83]
  • Bong Kee Chok, leader of the North Kalimantan Communist Party in Malaysia, ended the 17-month rebellion in Sarawak and surrendered to Sarawak's Chief Minister, Abdul Rahman Ya'kub.[84]
  • The first of the "Zebra murders", at least 15 killings over less than six months in San Francisco, by a group of four African-Americans who called themselves the "Death Angels", began with the kidnapping of Quita Hague and her husband, Richard Hague, as they were walking near their home. Quita Hague's body was found, nearly decapitated, four miles away. Richard Hague survived after being beaten unconscious, and was able to give a description of three assailants. Over slightly more than two months, seven more people were killed by the end of 1973. The suspects would be arrested on May 1, 1974.[85]
  • Born: Larisa Gribaleva, Belarusian singer, actress and TV host; in Polotsk, Byelorussian SSR, Soviet Union
  • Died:

October 21, 1973 (Sunday)[edit]

October 22, 1973 (Monday)[edit]

October 23, 1973 (Tuesday)[edit]

  • President Nixon agreed to turn over subpoenaed audio tapes of his Oval Office conversations to U.S. federal judge John J. Sirica.[96] The tapes released pursuant to Sirica's order included the June 20, 1972, conversation with an 18½-minute portion erased, but not the June 23, 1972 tape that would eventually force Nixon's resignation.[97] Nixon's release of tapes temporarily halted a move within the House of Representatives for Nixon's impeachment.[98]
  • Born: Christian Dailly, Scottish centre-back footballer with 67 appearances for the Scottish National Team; in Dundee
  • Died:

October 24, 1973 (Wednesday)[edit]

  • U.S. President Nixon vetoed the War Powers Act, passed 75 to 20 in the U.S. Senate on October 10 and 238 to 123 by the U.S. House of Representatives on October 12. The proposed law, described by one reporter as "the most serious effort in U.S. history to curb presidential power to commit American forces without congressional approval," was criticized by Nixon as unconstitutional.[99] With the House having passed the legislation three votes short of a two-thirds majority, the possibility remained that the veto could not be overridden. On November 7, however, the House would vote 284 to 135 to override and the Senate would follow the same day, 75 to 18.
  • Canada's House of Commons voted, 119 to 106, to extend its limitation on capital punishment for an additional four years, or until December 28, 1977. The death penalty was limited to persons who killed prison guards or on-duty police officers.[100]
  • A new ceasefire went into effect in the Yom Kippur War at 7:00 in the morning local time in Israel and Egypt. Both sides had agreed to a ceasefire two days earlier, but full-scale fighting had resumed the next day.[101]
  • As part of the European Cup tournament in soccer football for the cup winners of Europe's leagues, the champions of West Germany and East Germany played against each other for the first time, after both teams advanced to the 16-team second round. West German champion FC Bayern Munich (which finished first in the Bundesliga and East German champion Dynamo Dresden (which finished in first place in the DDR-Oberliga played in Munich at the Olympiastadion before 47,913 spectators, almost all West Germans, with Munich beating Dresdent, 4 to 3. The teams played the second leg of the two-game aggregate series on November 7 at Rudolf-Harbig-Stadion in Dresden, a 3 to 3 draw before 35,334 fans.
  • The U.S. television crime drama series Kojak, starring Telly Savalas, premiered with the first of 118 episodes over five seasons.[102]
  • Born:

October 25, 1973 (Thursday)[edit]

  • Shortly after midnight, President Nixon ordered a worldwide military alert of all U.S. military forces after concluding that the Soviet Union was "planning to send a very substantial force" to intervene militarily against Israel in the Middle East war.[103] Nixon said the next day, "The purpose of that was to indicate to the Soviet Union that we could not accept any unilateral move on their part to move military forces into the Mideast." Nixon sent an urgent message to Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev and explained "I indicated to him our reasoning, and I urged that we not proceed along that course and that, instead, that we join in the United Nations in supporting a resolution which would exclude any major powers from participating in a peacekeeping force."[104][105]
  • Egypt and Israel accepted United Nations Security Council Resolution 340 as the UN created a peacekeeping force that would have neither Soviet nor American troops.[106]
  • The Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 was given royal assent by Queen Elizabeth II, reorganizing Scotland's 33 shires into nine regions and three islands, effective May 16, 1975. Each of the regions, in turn, was divided into districts.
  • As nations worldwide developed responses to the shortage of oil and gasoline, Lebanon became the first to institute a plan to cut the number of cars being driven in half based on the last digit of the license plate number; cars with even-numbered plates could only drive on even-numbered days, those with odd-numbered plates only on odd-numbered days.[107]
  • Born:
  • Died:
    • Abebe Bikila, 41, Ethiopian distance runner who won the 1960 Olympic marathon; from a cerebral hemorrhage
    • Cleo Moore, 48, American film actress

October 26, 1973 (Friday)[edit]

October 27, 1973 (Saturday)[edit]

October 28, 1973 (Sunday)[edit]

October 29, 1973 (Monday)[edit]

October 30, 1973 (Tuesday)[edit]

  • The Bosphorus Bridge in Turkey was completed, connecting the continents of Europe and Asia over the Bosphorus for the second time, and for the first time since a pontoon bridge had been created by the Emperor Darius of Persia in 512 BC. Darius had lashed together 340 ships to create the temporary bridge. The opening of the 3,222 feet (982 m) long suspension bridge coincided with the fiftieth anniversary of the proclamation of the Republic of Turkey.[118]
  • The government of the Netherlands issued a nationwide ban on Sunday driving, beginning November 4, for private motor vehicles as a means of saving gasoline during the worldwide shortage of oil.[29]
  • The Judiciary Committee of the U.S. House of Representatives voted, 21 to 17, to begin consideration of the possible impeachment of U.S. President Nixon. The vote was split along party lines, with 21 Democrats voting for and 17 Republicans voting against.[119]
  • The cause of action that led to the landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision in FCC v. Pacifica Foundation began as the New York City radio station WBAI broadcast a recording of comedian George Carlin's "Seven dirty words" routine.
  • Born:

October 31, 1973 (Wednesday)[edit]

  • Three Provisional IRA members escaped from Dublin's Mountjoy Prison, aboard a hijacked helicopter that landed in the exercise yard.[120] The helicopter rescued IRA leader Seamus Twomey, along with J. B. O'Hagan and Kevin Mallon.
  • Color television was introduced to New Zealand as the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation (NZBC) introduced transmissions using the Phase Alternating Line (PAL) system that was the standard in most of Europe, Asia, Africa and South America.
  • A U.S. Secret Service agent testified to the Watergate grand jury that two of the nine subpoenaed Watergate tapes did not actually exist. One was a June 20, 1972, conversation that had taken place between U.S. President Nixon and John N. Mitchell, the director of the Committee for the Re-election of the President three days after the Watergate burglars had been arrested. The other was a conversation on April 15, 1973, between Nixon and White House counsel John Dean, the day before Dean was fired.
  • Born: Abel Briones Ruiz, Mexican business owner and accused drug trafficker; in Matamoros, Tamaulipas
  • Died:
    • Paul Dudley White, 87, American heart surgeon who had provided life-saving treatment to U.S. President Eisenhower in 1955 [121]
    • Lucha Reyes, Peruvian singer, 37, died of cardiac arrest one day after appearing on a radio broadcast and debuting her new single "Mi Última Canción" ("My Last Song").

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Civilian Government to Be Named in Greece". Los Angeles Times. October 2, 1973. p. I-13.
  2. ^ "Explosion Kills 10". Los Angeles Times. October 2, 1973. p. I-19.
  3. ^ "Black Gets Most Votes in Atlanta Mayor Race". Los Angeles Times. October 3, 1973. p. I-5.
  4. ^ "Paavo Nurmi Dies; 'Flying Finn' Set 20 Distance Marks". Los Angeles Times. October 3, 1973. p. III-1.
  5. ^ "Paul Hartman Is Dead at 69; Starred in 'Angel in the Wings': Noted Revue Performer". The New York Times. October 4, 1973. p. 48.
  6. ^ "Nixon Paid $1,670 In '70-'71 Taxes, Got $131,503 Refund, Paper Says", Baltimore Evening Sun, October 3, 1973, p.1
  7. ^ "8 Cosmos Launched", Los Angeles Times, October 4, 1973, p. I-28
  8. ^ "E. Germans Elect Stoph Chief of State", Los Angeles Times, October 4, 1973, p. I-12
  9. ^ "In Stiffest Snub Yet to S. Africa, U.N. Bars Speech by Its Envoy", Los Angeles Times, October 4, 1973, p. I-1
  10. ^ "African Bloc Stages Big Walkout in U.N.", by Don Shannon, Los Angeles Times, October 5, 1973, p. I-1
  11. ^ Melissa Ursula Dawn Goldsmith, Listen to Classic Rock! Exploring a Musical Genre (ABC-CLIO, 2019) pp. 131-135
  12. ^ Michael Newton, ed., The Encyclopedia of Robberies, Heists, and Capers (Facts On File Inc., 2002) pp. 55-56
  13. ^ Patrick Seale, Asad: The Struggle for the Middle East (University of California Press, 1990) pp. 197-1999
  14. ^ "ISRAEL BATTLES EGYPT AND SYRIA— Air, Sea, Ground Fights Rage on 2 Fronts; Cairo Sends Its Troops Across Suez Canal", Bridgeport (CT) Post, October 6, 1973, p. 1
  15. ^ "Cevert Killed in Crash; Stewart Quits Grand Prix", Los Angeles Times, October 7, 1973, p. III-1
  16. ^ "Iraq Seizes Holdings of 2 U.S. Oil Firms to Aid Egypt, Syria", Los Angeles Times, October 8, 1973, p. I-1
  17. ^ "Makarios Unhurt as Mines Explode Early", Los Angeles Times, October 8, 1973, p. I-16
  18. ^ Lerner, Adi (7 October 2011). "The Untold Story of Naval Heroism in the Yom Kippur War". Maariv (in Hebrew). Retrieved 7 October 2011.
  19. ^ Betts, Richard K (1982), Cruise Missiles, Brookings Institution Press, p. 381, ISBN 0-8157-0933-1.
  20. ^ Seymour M. Hersh, The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy (Random House, 1991) p.225
  21. ^ "Nuclear Arms in Cris under Secrecy: Israel and the Lessons of the 1967 and 1973 Wars", by Avner Cohen, in Planning the Unthinkable: How New Powers Will Use Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Weapons (Cornell University Press, 2000) p. 117
  22. ^ "Legal Opposition Faces BBC Radio for First Time", by Richard Last, Daily Telegraph (London), October 8, 1973, p. 10
  23. ^ "Enter commercial radio, out of breath", by Paul Ferris, The Observer (London), October 7, 1973, p. 3
  24. ^ South Africa 1978: Official Yearbook of the Republic of South Africa (Department of Information, 1978)
  25. ^ "Canaveral Renamed for John F. Kennedy", Chicago Tribune, December 6, 1963, p.1
  26. ^ "Canaveral Is Once Again Cape's Name", Los Angeles Times, October 10, 1973, p. I-5
  27. ^ David Nicolle and Tom Cooper, Arab MiG-19 and MiG-21 Units in Combat (Osprey, 2004) pp. 66-67
  28. ^ "Episcopal Ban on Second Marriages Ended", Los Angeles Times, October 10, 1973, p. I-2
  29. ^ a b "Holland Bans Sunday Drive to Save Gas", Los Angeles Times, October 31, 1973, p. I-16
  30. ^ "Today in history: October 9". NBC News. 10 October 2005.
  31. ^ "AGNEW RESIGNS, ADMITS TAX EVASION— Prosecutors Disclose Their Case Against Vice President", by Robert Shogan Los Angeles Times, October 11, 1973, p. I-1
  32. ^ "Engineer Recalls Payoff in Office of Vice President", by Ronald J. Ostrow, Los Angeles Times, October 11, 1973, p. I-1
  33. ^ "Russ Start Airlift of War Materiel to Egypt, Syria— Up to 30 Planes Reported Involved in First Wave", by Richard Reston, Los Angeles Times, October 11, 1973, p. I-1
  34. ^ "Congress OKs Presidential Warmaking Limit", Los Angeles Times, October 11, 1973, p. I-2
  35. ^ "House Votes to Curb Nixon's War Powers", Los Angeles Times, October 13, 1973, p. I-7
  36. ^ "A Miracle Revisited: Mets Win It, 7-2", Los Angeles Times, October 11, 1973, p. III-1
  37. ^ Fabry, Merrill (2 June 2016). "What Happens If the President Gets Drunk?". Now You Know. Time. Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  38. ^ "Apathy & Ecstasy: It's A's vs. Mets— Only 24,265 See Hunter Stop Orioles, 3-0, for A.L. Pennant", by Charles Maher, Los Angeles Times, October 11, 1973, p. III-1
  39. ^ "Two Mississippians Report Being Taken Aboard Unidentified Flying Object", AP report in Memphis (TN) Press-Scimitar, October 12, 1973, p. 1
  40. ^ "UFO Story Stands Up in Lie Test", Los Angeles Times, October 31, 1973, p. I-23
  41. ^ "Living Christmas Tree Due to Arrive Thursday", by Linda Newton Jones, Washington Post, October 10, 1973
  42. ^ "National Yule Tree Dies", by Paul Hodge, Washington Post, September 14, 1978
  43. ^ "His-and-Her Oaths— Perons Inaugurated", by David F. Belnap, Los Angeles Times, October 13, 1973, p. I-2
  44. ^ "U.S. Airlift to Replace Israeli Losses Reported— American Decision Calls for Supplying Nation 'With Whatever It Needs,' One Source Says", by Richard Reston, Los Angeles Times, October 13, 1973, p. I-1
  45. ^ "REP. FORD NOMINATED AS VICE PRESIDENT— Choice Seems Intended to Avoid Fight With Congress", by Robert Shogan, Los Angeles Times, October 13, 1973, p. I-1
  46. ^ "Connally Role in Ruling Self Out Reported", by Carroll Kilpatrick, Washington Post, in Los Angeles Times, October 14, 1973, p. I-17
  47. ^ "Report 'Blows Cover' of Top-Secret Agency— Senate Panel Lists Intelligence Group So Hidden Even Its Name Was Classified", Congressional Quarterly report, reprinted in Los Angeles Times, December 25, 1973, p. I-14
  48. ^ "Russ General Died in Crash", Los Angeles Times, October 20, 1973, p. I-4
  49. ^ Aviation Safety network
  50. ^ "Howe & Sons: Famed Hockey Family to Enrich Houston", by Ron Rapoport, Los Angeles Times, October 12, 1973, p. III-1
  51. ^ "Thai Military Regime Toppled in Student Riots; 100 Feared Dead", by Jack Foisie, Los Angeles Times, October 15, 1973, p. I-1
  52. ^ "New Thailand Cabinet Dominated by Civilians", by Jack Foisie, Los Angeles Times, October 17, 1973, p. I-21
  53. ^ "New Parliament Elected in Turkey", Los Angeles Times, October 15, 1973, p. I-2
  54. ^ "Chelsea recalls 1973 blaze that destroyed 18 blocks", Boston Globe, October 14, 2013
  55. ^ "Israel Tanks Cross Suez; Sadat Warns of Missile Attack", Los Angeles Times, October 17, 1973, p. I-1
  56. ^ "Israel Winning Great Victory Against Egypt", by William Tuohy, Los Angeles Times, October 21, 1973, p. I-1
  57. ^ "Cod War is near to an end, says Heath", London Evening Standard, October 16, 1973, p. 7
  58. ^ "Cod War 'could end within a week', Daily Mail (London), October 17, 1973, p. I-1
  59. ^ "OPEC's Adaptation to Market Changes", by Jahangir Amuzegar, in The 1979 'Oil Shock': Legacy, Lessons, and Lasting Reverberations (The Middle East Institute, 1979), p. 10, on archive.org
  60. ^ "Kissinger and Tho Share Nobel Peace Prize for Vietnam Pact", Los Angeles Times, October 17, 1973, p. I-1
  61. ^ "Tho Rejects the Nobel Prize for Peace", Los Angeles Times, October 24, 1973, p. I-18
  62. ^ "The World", Los Angeles Times, October 17, 1973, p. I-2
  63. ^ "Atlanta Elects Black as Mayor in Bitter Runoff", Los Angeles Times, October 17, 1973, p. I-1
  64. ^ "Cuban Gunman Kidnaps 2 Envoys", Los Angeles Times, October 17, 1973, p. I-2
  65. ^ "Tom Snyder Looks Toward Tomorrow", The Eagle (Bryan-College Station TX), October 14, 1973, p. 13
  66. ^ "Jazz Drummer Gene Krupa Dies of Leukemia at Age 64", Los Angeles Times, October 17, 1973, p. I-3
  67. ^ "Arab Oil Nations Meet Today on U.S. Cutoff", by William J. Coughlin, Los Angeles Times, October 17, 1973, p. I-5
  68. ^ "Arabs Cutting Oil Output 5% a Month to Gain War Goals; Single Out U.S. in Attempt to Pressure Israel", by William J. Coughlin, Los Angeles Times, October 18, 1973, p. I-1
  69. ^ "Sirica Rules Panel Can't Have Tapes; Courts Lack Jurisdiction to Entertain Suit, He Finds", Los Angeles Times, October 18, 1973, p. I-1
  70. ^ Doris Simonis, ed., Inventors and Inventions (Volume 2) (Marshall Cavendish, 2007) p. 359
  71. ^ "Saudi Arabia Cuts Oil Production 10%". Los Angeles Times. October 19, 1973. p. I-1.
  72. ^ "Oil production cuts by Arabs total 20 percent, survey discloses". Arizona Republic. Phoenix. October 28, 1973. p. A-2.
  73. ^ a b c "Saudi Arabia, Algeria Halt Oil Exports to U.S.", Los Angeles Times, October 21, 1973, p. I-10
  74. ^ "Caravan of Death". Memoria y Justicia.
  75. ^ "Sarah Winckless". Olympedia. OlyMADMen. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
  76. ^ Kistler, Robert (October 19, 1973). "Walt Kelly, Creator of Satirical Pogo Comic Strip, Dies at 60". Los Angeles Times. p. I-3.
  77. ^ "Nixon to Release Watergate Tapes Summary; Cox Objects", by Linda Mathews, Los Angeles Times, October 20, 1973, p. I-1
  78. ^ "Busy first day for Queen of Australia", The Age (Melbourne), October 20, 1973, p. 4
  79. ^ "Elizabeth Accepts Shortened Title", UPI report in St. Joseph News-Press, October 20, 1973, p. 4
  80. ^ "Nixon Fires Cox, Abolishes His Office; Richardson Quits— Ruckelshaus Out Too; Justice Dept. Headed by Solicitor General Bork", by Ronald J. Ostrow, Los Angeles Times, October 21, 1973, p. I-1
  81. ^ "One magic word and Sydney hits Opera House high note", The Age (Melbourne), October 20, 1973, p.1
  82. ^ "SYDNEY HAS ITS DAY OF GLORY... and World Watches", October 21, 1973, p.1
  83. ^ "Sydney Opera:$1 Million Shindig", by David Lamb, Los Angeles Times, October 21, 1973, p. I-4
  84. ^ "The day the insurgency ended", by Wilfred Pilo, The Borneo Post, November 3, 2013
  85. ^ Clark Howard, Zebra: The True Account of the 179 Days of Terror in San Francisco (Richard Marek Publishers, 1979) pp. 238-239
  86. ^ "The Nation", Los Angeles Times, October 21, 1973, p. I-2
  87. ^ Antoon De Baets, Censorship of Historical Thought: A World Guide, 1945–2000 (Greenwood, 2001) p. 503
  88. ^ "The Bittersweet Champions: A's Win". Los Angeles Times. October 22, 1973. p. III-1.
  89. ^ Moulton, Ron (6 December 1973). "An electric aeroplane" (PDF). Flight International. p. 946. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2013.
  90. ^ "4 Persian Gulf States Ban Oil Supply to U.S.". Los Angeles Times. October 22, 1973. p. I-17.
  91. ^ Florence, Mal (October 22, 1973). "Fred Dryer's Motto Is Safety First... and Second as Well". Los Angeles Times. p. III-1.
  92. ^ Notice de personne "Auerbach, Lera (1973-....)" [Person notice "Auerbach, Lera (1973-....)"] (in French). Bibliothèque nationale de France. 3 November 2011. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
  93. ^ "Truce Declared; Fighting Goes On", AP report in St. Petersburg (FL) Times, October 23, 1973, p. 1
  94. ^ "Israel Claims Egypt Broke Truce, Orders Army to Fight— Cites Incessant Violations of U.N. Cease-Fire", Los Angeles Times, October 23, 1973, p. I-1
  95. ^ "Pablo Casals, 96, Dies; Hailed as Premier Cellist, Humanist", Los Angeles Times, October 23, 1973, p. I-1
  96. ^ "Nixon Backs Down, Agrees to Give the Tapes to Sirica", Los Angeles Times, October 24, 1973, p. I-1
  97. ^ "List of Recordings and Papers to Be Received by Judge", Los Angeles Times, October 24, 1973, p. I-2
  98. ^ "Retreat Linked to Impeachment", by Rudy Abramson, Los Angeles Times, October 24, 1973, p. I-2
  99. ^ "Nixon Vetoes Limit on His War Powers as 'Unconstitutional", Los Angeles Times, October 25, 1973, p. I-1
  100. ^ "The World", Los Angeles Times, October 25, 1973, p. I-2
  101. ^ "Israel and Egypt Agree to Cease-Fire Again— Tel Aviv Orders Forces on Suez to Lay Down Arms; Action Follows Renewed Fighting", Los Angeles Times, October 24, 1973, p. I-1
  102. ^ Internet Movie Database
  103. ^ "U.S. Military on Alert in Mideast Crisis", Kansas City Star, October 25, 1973, p. 1
  104. ^ "Portions of Nixon Text", Los Angeles Times, October 27, 1973, p. I-11
  105. ^ Brezhnev agreed to join the U.S. in supporting the resolution. "RUSSIANS AGREE TO KEEP TROOPS OUT OF U.N. MIDEAST TRUCE FORCE— A Confrontation Must Be Avoided, Moscow Is Told", Buffalo Evening News, October 25, 1973, p. 1
  106. ^ "U.N. CREATES PEACE FORCE; CRISIS EASED— Kissinger Warns Soviet Union Against Sending Troops", Los Angeles Times, October 26, 1973, p. I-1
  107. ^ "Lebanon Finds Easy Way to Ration Gas— Cars With Even-Numbered License Plates Drive on Even Days, Others Vice Versa", by William J. Coughlin, Los Angeles Times, October 27, 1973, p. I-16
  108. ^ "S. Korea Regime Frees Foe; He Quits Politics", Los Angeles Times, October 27, 1973, p. I-3
  109. ^ "Alcatraz Will Be Opened to Public Today", Los Angeles Times, October 27, 1973, p. IA-12
  110. ^ "Egypt and Israel agree to meet— Session to be held under U.N.'s flag". Arizona Republic. Phoenix. October 28, 1973. p. A- 1.
  111. ^ "U.N. approves force of 7,000 as truce buffer". Arizona Republic. Phoenix. October 28, 1973. p. A-1.
  112. ^ (Wrong date? No contemporary account can be found of the following accident: Anjanette Paya, an 8-year-old girl, became the first child known to have died from a pedestrian fall from the rim of the Grand Canyon. The child, from Supai Village, tripped and fell 500 feet (150 m) to her death from the Hualapai Hilltop while running to see the sunrise. Ghiglieri, Michael P.; Myers, Thomas M. (2016). Over the Edge: Death in Grand Canyon (Second ed.). Flagstaff, Arizona: Puma Press, LLC. ISBN 978-0-9847858-0-3.
  113. ^ "65 in Opposition Drop Out of Portuguese Election Charging ‘Farce’", The New York Times, October 26, 1973, p.2
  114. ^ "The World", Los Angeles Times, October 29, 1973, p. I-2
  115. ^ "Police arrest 100 Spanish dissenters", San Francisco Examiner, October 29, 1973, p. 13
  116. ^ "Uruguay Troops Seize University", Los Angeles Times, October 29, 1973, p. I-2
  117. ^ "Quebec Voters Clearly Reject Independence", Los Angeles Times, October 30, 1973, p. I-4
  118. ^ "Istanbul Bridge Over Bosporus Strait Open— First Link in 2,485 Years", Los Angeles Times, October 31, 1973, p. I-4
  119. ^ James M. Naughton, "House Panel Starts Inquiry On Impeachment Question", The New York Times, October 31, 1973, p. 1
  120. ^ "Copter Whirls Into Dublin Jail, Carries Off 3 Top IRA Leaders— Fast, Daring Move Stuns Guards", Los Angeles Times, November 1, 1973, p. I-1
  121. ^ "Paul Dudley White, Heart Pioneer, Dies— World Renowned Specialist, 87, Had Treated Eisenhower", Los Angeles Times, November 1, 1973, p. I-1
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