Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom

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See also: United Kingdom–Crown Dependencies Customs Union
Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom
  United Kingdom
  Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories
  Active agreements
  Renegotiating active agreements
  Agreement in principle
  Negotiations ongoing

Following its withdrawal from the European Union on 31 January 2020, the United Kingdom began negotiations on several free trade agreements to remove or reduce tariff and non-tariff barriers to trade, both to establish new agreements and to replace previous EU trade agreements. Withdrawal ended 47 years of membership during which all its trading agreements were negotiated by the European Commission on behalf of the bloc. The UK did not actually withdraw from the European Single Market and the European Union Customs Union (and its trade agreements) until 31 December 2020.

These treaties are divided into two types of free trade agreements: continuity agreements and 'new' agreements. Continuity agreements, also named rollover agreements, use of a mutatis mutandis concept in order to quickly replicate the existing EU agreements, only having to call out those minor areas of differentiation. Most continuity treaties were provisionally applied, or through a "bridging mechanism", thus continuity was achieved.[1] Trade agreements negotiated after Brexit are termed 'new', or enhanced agreements, these agreements have been negotiated from scratch or have been renegotiated to enhance the deal since Brexit.[2]

As of May 2023, the United Kingdom has 38 active free trade agreements with nations and trade blocs, covering 99 countries and territories.[3][1] Five of these are 'new' trade agreements, such as with Australia and New Zealand.[4] The remaining 33 are continuity agreements. Furthermore, the UK has a customs union with its three Crown Dependencies.[5] The UK has further arrangements covering free trade with its 14 British Overseas Territories.[6]

In addition, the UK has also reached an agreement to accede to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, which it signed in July 2023 and is expected to join, after the 11 present members ratify, in 2024.[7]

The United Kingdom has only suspended negotiations for a trade deal on one occasion; the UK suspended negotiations for a post-Brexit Canada Free Trade Agreement on 25 January 2024.[8]

Competence and ratification process[edit]

According to UK law the United Kingdom Parliament has the power to pass law in all policy areas.[9]

The UK's negotiating team will consult with its Strategic Trade Advisory Group throughout the negotiations.[10]

Ratification[edit]

The responsibility for concluding treaties involving the UK lies with the Secretary of State for Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Affairs. This remains the case even when the negotiation of the treaty is led by another government department.[11]

The Foreign & Commonwealth Office's legal advisers and Treaty Section:

  • must be given the opportunity to comment on the drafts of all treaties under negotiation
  • will advise on the form and substance of the treaty, though not substance which is technical and of which the other government department is the expert
  • will advise on related matters such as the production of Full Powers and Instruments of Ratification
  • will produce original signature copies of treaties and advise on the treaty signing ceremony
  • will arrange for the treaty to be published and laid before Parliament
  • is responsible for the registration of these treaties with the United Nations, allowing their subsequent publication in the United Nations Treaty Series
  • will transfer of the treaties to the National Archives for preservation[11]

Unless expressly authorised to do so by the United Kingdom government, Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories do not have the authority to contract treaties in their own right. The UK must extend the territorial scope of its ratification of treaties to include them. This may be done either at the time of ratification, or at some later date.[11]

Active agreements[edit]

The following bilateral and plurilateral agreements are currently in effect. Signature and entry into force dates are as listed by the World Trade Organization.[3]

Nation(s) No. of
nations
represented 		Signed Effective Coverage Treaty Trade value
(2022)[1] 		Ref.
Albania 1 5 February 2021 3 May 2021 Goods & Services Continuity £293m [12][13]
Andean Countries
Colombia[a]
Ecuador
Peru 		3 15 May 2019 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity £5,821m [15][16]
Australia 1 16 December 2021 31 May 2023 Goods & Services New £17,217m [17][18]
Cameroon 1 28 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £840m [19][20]
Canada 1 22 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services[b] Continuity £26,436m [22][23]
CARIFORUM
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Grenada
Guyana
Jamaica
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname[c]
Trinidad and Tobago 		14 22 March 2019[d] 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity £5,177m [26][27]
Central America
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama 		6 18 July 2019 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity £2,682m [28][29]
Chile 1 30 January 2019 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity £1,909m [30][31]
Eastern and Southern Africa
Mauritius
Seychelles
Zimbabwe 		3 31 January 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £1,945m [32][33]
Egypt 1 5 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £4,952m [34][35]
European Union
31[i] 30 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services New £772,000m [36][37]
Faroe Islands 1 31 January 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £1,929m [38][39]
Georgia 1 21 October 2019 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity £467m [40][41]
Ghana 1 2 March 2021 5 March 2021 Goods Continuity £1,823m [42][43]
Iceland
Liechtenstein[j]
Norway 		3 8 July 2021 1 December 2021 Goods & Services New £56,515m[k] [44][45]
Israel 1 18 February 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £6,984m [46][47]
Ivory Coast 1 15 October 2020 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £544m [48][49]
Japan 1 23 October 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services New £27,693m [50][51]
Jordan 1 5 November 2019 1 May 2021 Goods Continuity £973m [52][53]
Kenya 1 8 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £1,374m [54][55]
Kosovo 1 3 December 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £13m [56][39]
Lebanon 1 19 September 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £775m [57][58]
Liechtenstein[l]
Switzerland 		2 11 February 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £53,565m[m] [60][61]
Mexico 1 15 December 2020 1 June 2021 Goods & Services Continuity £5,920m [62][63]
Moldova 1 24 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity £1,486m [64][65]
Morocco 1 26 October 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £3,309m [66][67]
New Zealand 1 28 February 2022 31 May 2023 Goods & Services New £2,755m [68][69]
North Macedonia 1 3 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity £2,796m [70][71]
Pacific States
Fiji
Papua New Guinea
Samoa[n]
Solomon Islands[o] 		4 14 March 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £294m [74][75]
Palestinian Authority 1 18 February 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £70m [76][77]
Serbia 1 16 April 2021 20 May 2021 Goods & Services Continuity £909m [78][79]
Singapore 1 10 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity[p] £20,626m [82][83]
South Korea 1 22 August 2019 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity £18,349m [84][85]
Southern Africa Customs Union and Mozambique
Botswana
Eswatini
Lesotho
Mozambique
Namibia
South Africa 		6 9 October 2019[q] 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £12,596m [87][88]
Tunisia 1 4 October 2019 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £685m [89][90]
Turkey 1 29 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity £25,829m [91][92]
Ukraine 1 8 October 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity £1,409m [93][94]
Vietnam 1 29 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity £7,057m [95][96]

Dependencies[edit]

The following agreements govern the United Kingdom's free trade with British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies.

Nation(s) No. of nations
represented 		Signed Effective Coverage Treaty Comment Ref.
 Akrotiri and Dhekelia 31 30 December 2020 1 January 2021 Goods & Services New Trade with the UK is governed within the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, due to Akrotiri and Dhekelia remaining a part of the European Union customs union. [97][98]
Crown Dependencies Customs Union
Guernsey
Isle of Man
Jersey 		3 26 November 2018 9 December 2020 Goods & Services New The United Kingdom and the Crown Dependencies established a customs union which created a free trade area between the territories, and creates a common external tariff with other countries. [5][99]
Gibraltar 1 24 October 2019 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Continuity Trade with Gibraltar is governed under the 'Financial Services and Markets Act 2000', Gibraltar and the UK amended this act in order to continue the agreement they had in the European Economic Area. [100]
Overseas Territories
Anguilla
Bermuda
British Antarctic Territory
British Indian Ocean Territory
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Falkland Islands
Montserrat
Pitcairn Islands
Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
Turks and Caicos Islands 		14 9 November 2020 1 January 2021 Goods Continuity This arrangement acts as a continuity free trade agreement between 14 Overseas Territories and the UK. [6][101]

Negotiations[edit]

The United Kingdom is currently negotiating free trade agreements with the following countries and trade blocs:[4]

Nation (s) No of nations
represented 		Coverage Treaty Trade value (2022)[1][102] Status Progress Ref.
Algeria 1 Goods Continuity £2,346m Negotiations stagnated A Continuity Trade Agreement has been offered to Algeria; neither party has signed the agreement. [103]
Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 Goods & Services Continuity £218m Negotiations stagnated A Continuity Trade Agreement has been offered to Bosnia and Herzegovina; neither party has signed the agreement. [104][103]
Canada 1 Goods & Services New £26,436m Negotiations suspended Negotiations suspended on 25 January 2024 by the United Kingdom; the two sides have completed eight rounds of talks since 2022. [105][106]
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
Australia
Brunei
Canada
Chile
Japan
Malaysia
Mexico
New Zealand
Peru
Singapore
Vietnam 		11 Goods & Services New £113,000m Agreement signed on 16 July 2023 Awaiting ratification of the UK's accession from member states.
  • Japan and Singapore have ratified the UK's accession.
  • The UK has domestically ratified it's accession, but needs to deposit the ratification documents to New Zealand.
  • Nine more CPTPP states need to ratify the UK's accession.
 [107][108]
Greenland 1 Goods New £4m Negotiations stagnated Negotiations opened on 27 January 2022. [109][110]
Gulf Cooperation Council
Bahrain
Kuwait
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates 		6 Goods & Services New £61,300m Negotiations ongoing Sixth round of negotiations concluded on 9 February 2024. [111][112]
India 1 Goods & Services New £35,940m Negotiations ongoing Fourteenth round of negotiations concluded on 15 March 2024. [113][114]
Israel 1 Goods & Services New £6,984m Negotiations ongoing Fourth round of negotiations concluded on 29 February 2024. [115][116]
Maldives 1 Goods New £432m Discussions ongoing Trade consultation closed on 2 August 2023. [117][118]
Mexico 1 Goods & Services New £5,920m Negotiations ongoing Negotiations opened on 20 May 2022. [119][120]
Montenegro 1 Goods & Services Continuity £69m Negotiations stagnated A Continuity Trade Agreement has been offered to Montenegro; neither party has signed the agreement. [104][103]
South Korea 1 Goods & Services New £18,349m Negotiations ongoing Second round of negotiations concluded on 22 March 2024. [121][122]
Switzerland 1 Goods & Services New £53,565m Negotiations ongoing Fourth round of negotiations concluded on 8 March 2024. [123][124]
Turkey 1 Goods & Services New £25,829m Negotiations ongoing Negotiations opened on 14 March 2024 [125][126]
Ukraine 1 Goods & Services New £1,409m Agreement signed on 20 March 2023. The Ukraine–United Kingdom Digital Trade Agreement will expand upon the existing FTA when it is entered into force. [127][128]
United States 1 Goods & Services New £279,150m Negotiations stagnated Fifth round of negotiations concluded on 30 October 2020. [129][130]

Potential enlargement[edit]

The following countries can accede to an existing plurilateral Economic Partnership Agreement with the United Kingdom.

Nation (s) Trade agreement being joined Status Ref.
Haiti CARIFORUM Haiti will be covered by the CARIFORUM-UK Economic Partnership Agreement if they sign it and bring it into effect. [131]
Comoros
Madagascar
Zambia 		Eastern and Southern Africa Out of the remaining COMESA members, Comoros, Madagascar, and Zambia have agreements in place allowing them to join the ESA-UK Economic Partnership Agreement:
  • Comoros signed the agreement on 12 April 2022 and will be covered by the EPA when they bring it into effect.
  • Madagascar signed the agreement on 4 November 2021 and will be covered by the EPA when they bring it into effect.
  • Zambia will be covered by the EPA if they sign it and bring it into effect.
 [132][133]
East African Community
Burundi
DR Congo
Rwanda
Somalia
South Sudan
Tanzania
Uganda 		Kenya Article 143 of the UK-Kenya Economic Partnership Agreement enables any other East African Community member to make an accession request to the UK-Kenya EPA Council. [134][135]
Cook Islands
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia
Nauru
Niue
Palau
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu 		Pacific States The Pacific States-UK Economic Partnership Agreement states that 10 other Pacific nations are currently eligible to apply for accession.
  • Tonga has shown interest in acceding to the EPA.
 [136]

Obsolete agreements[edit]

The following free trade agreements were previously active, however they have since been superseded or terminated.

Nation (s) No of nations represented Signed Effective Obsolete Coverage Note Superseded by Ref.
France 1 23 January 1860 23 January 1860 1 January 1892 Goods The Cobden–Chevalier Treaty became obsolete after the introduction of the Méline tariff by the French Government. — [137][138]
 Belgium
 1 23 July 1862 23 July 1862 1 August 1897 Goods The Anglo-Belgian Treaty of Commerce and Navigation was terminated by the UK, due to a clause that was contrary to the policy of Imperial Preference. — [139][138]
 Ireland 1 19 December 1965 1 July 1966 1 January 1973 Goods The Ireland–United Kingdom Free Trade Area was agreed to after both nations' bids to join the European Economic Community were rejected. This agreement was superseded upon both parties' accession to the EEC. European Economic Community [140][141]
 Colombia 1 18 October 2019 1 January 2021 28 June 2022 Goods & Services The Colombia–UK Trade Continuity Agreement was provisionally applied until Colombia could ratify the Andean–UK Trade Continuity Agreement, which superseded this agreement. Andean Countries
Colombia
Ecuador
Peru 		[142]
 Iceland
 Norway 		2 8 December 2020 1 January 2021 8 July 2021 Goods Iceland–Norway–UK Trade Continuity Agreement was superseded by an updated FTA with Liechtenstein, which expanded the coverage to include services.  Iceland
 Liechtenstein
 Norway 		[143][144][145]

Former trade bloc memberships[edit]

The United Kingdom was previously a member of the following trade blocs, which include multilateral free trade with fellow members.

Nation (s) No of nations represented Signed Effective Obsolete Coverage Note Superseded by Ref.
European Free Trade Association
 Austria
 Denmark
 Iceland[r]
 Norway
 Portugal
 Sweden
  Switzerland 		7 4 January 1960 3 May 1960 31 December 1972 Goods & Services The UK was a founding member of the European Free Trade Association, however left the organisation in order to join the European Economic Community, along with Denmark. European Economic Community [146][147]
European Economic Community
 Belgium
 Denmark
 France
 Greece[s]
 Ireland
 Italy
 Luxembourg
 Netherlands
 Portugal[t]
 Spain[u]
West Germany/Germany[v] 		11 22 January 1972 1 January 1973 1 November 1993 Goods & Services The UK joined the European Economic Community, along with Denmark and Ireland. The EEC was incorporated into the European Union. European Union [148][149][150]
European Union
 27 7 February 1992 1 November 1993 1 January 2021 Goods & Services Following the result of the Brexit referendum, the UK invoked Article 50 in March 2017. The UK officially withdrew from the EU on the 1 January 2021. Trade and Cooperation Agreement [151][152]

Obsolete EU agreements[edit]

The following agreements are European Union free trade agreements which the United Kingdom was a party of until Brexit, however continuity agreements were not reached to replace them.

Nation (s) No of nations represented Signed Effective Obsolete Coverage Note Ref.
 Algeria 1 22 April 2002 1 September 2005 1 January 2021 Goods The UK has no free trade agreement with Algeria. [153]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 16 June 2008 1 June 2015 1 January 2021 Goods & Services The UK has no free trade agreement with Bosnia and Herzegovina. [154][104]
EU Overseas Countries and Territories
Aruba
Bonaire
Curaçao
French Polynesia
French Southern and Antarctic Lands
Greenland
New Caledonia
Saba
Saint Barthélemy
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Sint Eustatius
Sint Maarten
Wallis and Futuna 		13 27 November 2001 2 December 2001 1 January 2021 Goods The UK has no free trade agreement with any of the EU Overseas Countries and Territories.
  • Greenland and the UK have opened negotiations for a free trade agreement.
 [155][156][157]
 Montenegro 1 15 October 2007 1 May 2010 1 January 2021 Goods & Services The UK has no free trade agreement with Montenegro. [158][104]

Largest trading partners[edit]

Export and import markets for goods in 2020 & 2021, seasonally adjusted
Figures in £millions sterling
Exports Imports
Rank Trade Partner £millions % of Total Rank Trade Partner £millions % of Total
European Union 153 951 47.8% European Union 223 393 46.8%
1. United States[am] 47 098 14.6% 1. China 63 557 13.3%
2. Germany (EU member) 29 595 9.2% 2. Germany (EU member) 53 759 11.2%
3. Netherlands (EU member) 27 085 8.4% 3. United States 39 379 8.2%
4. Ireland (EU member) 21 834 6.8% 4. Netherlands (EU member) 31 786 6.7%
5. France (EU member) 19 441 6.0% 5. Norway (EFTA) 27 112 5.7%
6. China 18 793 5.8% 6. Belgium (EU member) 23 331 4.9%
7. Belgium (EU member) 14 939 4.6% 7. France (EU member) 23 128 4.8%
8. Switzerland (EFTA) 10 309 3.2% 8. Italy (EU member) 17 604 3.7%
9. Italy (EU member) 9 112 2.8% 9. Spain (EU member) 14 472 3.0%
10. Spain (EU member) 7 878 2.4% 10. Ireland (EU member) 13 861 2.9 %
EU 300.3 43.0% EU 372.2 51.4%
Non EU 398.3 57.0% Non EU 352.3 48.6%
World 698.6 100% World 724.5 100%

Historically, WTO imports and exports are based on the rule of origin, while EU imports/exports are based on single market statistics.

The figures above are for 2020 & 2021[159][160]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Joined 28 June 2022.[14]
  2. ^ The agreement only covered goods until 1 April 2021 when it expanded to cover services.[21]
  3. ^ Joined 5 March 2021.[24]
  4. ^ Trinidad and Tobago signed on 1 April 2019.
    Dominican Republic signed on 4 April 2019.
    Antigua and Barbuda signed on 6 June 2019.
    The Bahamas signed on 27 November 2019.
    Suriname signed on 4 March 2021.[25]
  5. ^ As an integral part of the EU Customs Union, Akrotiri and Dhekelia-UK trade is covered by this agreement.
  6. ^ Under the UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement, the UK and the EU have agreed that Andorra be treated as a member of the EUCU. Therefore, Andorra-UK trade is covered by this agreement.[1]
  7. ^ As an integral part of the EU Customs Union, Monaco-UK trade is covered by this agreement.
  8. ^ Under the UK-EU Trade and Cooperation Agreement, the UK and the EU have agreed that San Marino be treated as a member of the EUCU. Therefore, San Marino-UK trade is covered by this agreement.[1]
  9. ^ This agreement covers the 27 EU members, additionally it governs UK trade with Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, as well as the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia.[1]
  10. ^ Due to the Swiss-Liechtenstein customs union, goods from Liechtenstein are governed in the Switzerland-UK FTA.
  11. ^ This figure only represents trade value between the UK and the cumulative value of Iceland and Norway. Liechtenstein trade accounts for 226m but is divided between two agreements.[1]
  12. ^ This treaty only governs Liechtenstein's goods due to the Swiss-Liechtenstein customs union. Liechtenstein-UK trade is governed by the Iceland-Liechtenstein-Norway-UK FTA.[59]
  13. ^ This figure only represents trade value between the UK and Switzerland. Liechtenstein trade accounts for 226m but is divided between two agreements.[1]
  14. ^ Joined 11 January 2021[72]
  15. ^ Joined 5 January 2021[73]
  16. ^ Expanded upon by the Singapore-UK Digital Economy Agreement to cover digital trade; it entered in force on 14 June 2022.[80][81]
  17. ^ South Africa signed the agreement on 16 October 2019.[86]
  18. ^ Joined 1 January 1970
  19. ^ Joined 1 January 1981
  20. ^ Joined 1 January 1986
  21. ^ Joined 1 January 1986
  22. ^ German reunification took place in 1990
  23. ^ Joined 1 January 1995
  24. ^ Joined 1 January 2007
  25. ^ Joined 1 July 2013
  26. ^ Joined 1 May 2004
  27. ^ Joined 1 May 2004
  28. ^ Joined 1 May 2004
  29. ^ Joined 1 January 1995
  30. ^ Joined 1 May 2004
  31. ^ Joined 1 May 2004
  32. ^ Joined 1 May 2004
  33. ^ Joined 1 May 2004
  34. ^ Joined 1 May 2004
  35. ^ Joined 1 January 2007
  36. ^ Joined 1 May 2004
  37. ^ Joined 1 May 2004
  38. ^ Joined 1 January 1995
  39. ^ including Puerto Rico

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